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. 2023 Oct 27;22:293. doi: 10.1186/s12933-023-02025-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Renal-specific deposition of ox-LDL was associated with podocyte injury in DKD. A Serum levels of ox-LDL were measured using an ELISA assay in healthy control (HC, n = 10) individuals and DKD patients at stage III (n = 10). B, C IF analysis using the podocyte nuclear marker WT1 and the membrane marker Nephrin revealed that some of the ox-LDL deposition was located along the surface of podocytes, as indicated by the presence of ox-LDL deposits in the glomeruli of DKD patients and mice, in comparison to HC and wild-type (WT) individuals. D Further confirmation was obtained through IF, demonstrating the deposition of ox-LDL along the podocyte membrane. This deposition occurred specifically between Integrin β1, a component of the glomerular basement membrane, and Nephrin, the marker protein of the podocytes. E IF staining was performed using the mesangial cell nuclear marker GATA3 and the membrane protein marker PDGFRβ to assess the presence of ox-LDL within mesangial cells in the glomeruli of DKD patients and mice. F Representative Western blot and summarized data showing the effects of ox-LDL on the relative protein levels of apoptosis-associated cleaved Caspase3 and podocyte marker, WT1 and Podocin, in HG-induced podocytes. G IF staining of podocytes exposed to high HG and ox-LDL reinforcing the strong connection between renal ox-LDL deposition and podocyte injury under HG conditions. For all statistical plots, the data are presented as the mean ± SD; ns no significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001