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. 2023 Oct 27;22:291. doi: 10.1186/s12933-023-02034-9

Table 3.

Cross-sectional associations between CRP and metabolic health outcomes during pregnancy and in the postpartum

Variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
β 95% CI p value β 95% CI p value β 95% CI p value
CRP at 28–32 weeks GA Insulin resistance and secretion variables during pregnancy
 Weight (kg)bc 1.68 1.18, 2.17  < 0.001 1.67 1.2, 2.20  < 0.001 NA NA NA
 Body fat (kg)c 1.24 0.94, 1.55  < 0.001 0.28 0.15, 0.41  < 0.001 NA NA NA
 MetS-BMI, yesa 1.12 1.03, 1.22 0.006 1.02 0.90, 1.11 0.965 0.98 0.87, 1.09 0.772
 Fasting glucose (mmol/l) 0.02 0.008, 0.04 0.004 0.02 0.009, 0.04 0.004 0.06 − 0.02, 0.02 0.995
 HbA1c (%) 0.01 0.004, 0.02 0.007 0.01 0.007, 0.03 0.001 0.09 − 0.03, 0.02 0.164
 HOMA-IR 0.16 0.05, 0.26 0.003 0.15 0.05, 0.26 0.004 0.002 -0.08, 0.09 0.960
 HOMA-B 1.99 0.69, 3.2 0.003 0.21 − 1.06, 1.48 0.742 − 0.16 − 1.41, 1.01 0.792
CRP at 6–8 weeks pp Insulin resistance and secretion variables at 6–8 weeks postpartum
 Weight (kg)bc 1.48 0.88, 2.09  < 0.001 1.48 0.87, 2.08  < 0.001 NA NA NA
 Body fat (kg)c 1.06 0.66, 1.45  < 0.001 0.16 0.03, 0.29 0.015 NA NA NA
 MetS-BMI, yesa 1.10 0.97, 1.25 0.107 0.98 0.83, 1.15 0.818 0.92 0.76, 1.11 0.421
 Fasting glucose (mmol/l) 0.01 − 0.01, 0.04 0.228 − 0.005 − 0.03, 0.02 0.686 − 0.006 − 0.03, 0.02 0.665
 HbA1c (%) 0.01 − 0.007, 0.03 0.060 0.02 0.0005, 0.36 0.043 0.01 0.001, 0.03 0.036
 HOMA-IR 0.11 0.03, 0.19 0.005 0.04 − 0.03, 0.12 0.306 0.03 − 0.04, 0.11 0.383
 MATSUDA index − 0.38 − 0.56, − 0.19  < 0.001 − 0.19 − 0.37, − 0.02 0.024 − 0.18 − 0.35, − 0.01 0.038
 ISSI-2 − 0.06 − 0.11, − 0.02 0.009 − 0.03 − 0.08, 0.02 0.226 − 0.03 − 0.08, 0.02 0.284
 AUCins/glu 0.01 0.006, 0.03 0.002 0.09 − 0.007, 0.01 0.070 0.08 − 0.01, 0.02 0.106
 HOMA-B 1.59 0.41, 2.76 0.008 0.57 − 0.57, 1.72 0.325 0.49 − 0.67, 1.65 0.409
CRP at 1-year pp Insulin resistance and secretion variables at 1-year postpartum
 Weight (kg)bc 1.59 0.99, 2.19  < 0.001 1.58 0.98, 2.19  < 0.001 NA NA NA
 Body fat (kg)c 1.23 0.84, 1.61  < 0.001 0.25 0.13, 0.36  < 0.001 NA NA NA
 MetS-BMI, yesa 1.20 1.08, 1.33  < 0.001 1.12 0.98, 1.27 0.073 1.09 0.95, 1.24 0.198
 MetS-WC, yesa 1.15 1.05, 1.26 0.002 1.09 0.98, 1.21 0.098 1.07 0.96, 1.18 0.183
 Fasting glucose (mmol/l) 0.02 0.003, 0.05 0.027 0.01 − 0.009, 0.04 0.211 0.02 − 0.01, 0.045 0.232
 HbA1c (%) 0.002 − 0.02, 0.03 0.808 − 0.07 − 0.03, 0.02 0.546 − 0.01 − 0.04, 0.01 0.364
 HOMA-IR 0.19 0.09, 0.28  < 0.001 0.05 − 0.03, 0.13 0.238 0.03 − 0.06, 0.12 0.546
 MATSUDA index − 0.24 − 0.36, − 0.12  < 0.001 − 0.07 − 0.18, 0.04 0.214 − 0.04 − 0.16, 0.07 0.439
 ISSI-2 − 0.05 − 0.08, − 0.01 0.014 − 0.01 − 0.05, 0.02 0.547 − 0.07 − 0.49, 0.35 0.739
 AUCins/glu 0.02 0.008, 0.03 0.001 0.07 0.03, 0.18 0.195 0.006 − 0.006, 0.01 0.322
 HOMA-B 2.13 0.85, 3.40 0.001 0.20 − 0.95, 1.35 0.729 − 0.20 − 1.39, 0.97 0.726

CRP denotes C-reactive protein; GA denotes gestational age; MetS denote metabolic syndrome; BMI denotes Body Mass Index; Mets-WC denotes metabolic syndrome based on waist circumference; pp denotes postpartum; NA denoted not applicable; HbA1c denotes glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR denotes Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; ISSI-2 denotes; Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2; AUCins/glu denotes Area under the Curve; HOMA-B denotes HOMA of b-cell index.

Model 1: Adjusted for group allocation. Model 2: Adjusted for group allocation, gestational age, age, previous history of GDM, family history of GDM, breastfeeding, weight at prediction time point. Model 3: adjusted for group allocation, gestational age, age, previous history of GDM, family history of GDM, breastfeeding, body fat at the prediction time point.

aEstimates are from logistic regression analyses (Odds ratio and 95% CI). MetS-WC is not relevant in pregnancy and too early to assess in the early pp

For these variables, the associations were not adjusted for bweight or cbody fat (additionally adjusted for age).

Bold p-values indicate significant p-values