Table 3.
GRADE Table
| Author, year | Key relevant findings | Certainty of evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Ahmed et al. (2020) | WFH associated with less smoking | Low** |
| WFH associated with increased number of people reporting excellent health | Low** | |
| WFH associated with less reporting of conditions associated with influenza | Low** | |
| Astell-Burt & Feng (2021) | WFH associated with increased exercise. Geography and enjoyment of outdoor spaces being mediators. | Low** |
| WFH associated with increased enjoyment of outdoor spaces | Low** | |
| Bennett et al. (2021) | WFH associated increased videoconferencing fatigue | Low** |
| Switching off microphone associated with decreased videoconferencing fatigue | Moderate*** | |
| Increased perceived group belongness associated with decreased videoconferencing fatigue | Moderate*** | |
| Björndell & Premberg (2021) | WFH associated with increased perception of working in peace | Very low* |
| WFH associated with less stress | Very low* | |
| WFH associated with increased enjoyment of the home | Very low* | |
| Chang et al. (2021) | In the WFH context, proactive coping is associated with self-perceived productivity | Low** |
| In the WFH context, proactive coping is associated with future time orientation | Low** | |
| In the WFH context, future time orientation is associated with self-perceived productivity | Low** | |
| Cheng & Zang (2021) | In the WFH context, higher task interdependence is negatively associated with emotional exhaustion | Low** |
| Darouei & Pluut (2021) | WFH associated with decreased time pressure associated with less family conflicts | Low** |
| Dhont et al. (2020) | WFH associated with less depression | Very low* |
| WFH associated with less guilt | Very low* | |
| Edwards et al. (2021) | WFH associated with decreased exposure to air contaminants | Very low* |
| Estrada-Muñoz et al. (2021) | WFH associated with increased “technoanxiety” | Very low* |
| WFH associated with increased “technostrain” | Very low* | |
| WFH associated with increased “technofatigue” | Very low* | |
| Fischer et al. (2020) | WFH may reduce risk of COVID-19 infection | High**** |
| Fukushima et al. (2021) | WFH associated with reduced physical activity | High**** |
| WFH associated with increased sedentary behavior | High**** | |
| Giovanis & Ozdamar (2022) | WFH associated with decreased mental health as measured by the General Health Questionaire (GHQ) | Moderate*** |
| Grech et al. (2022) | WFH associated with increased back pain | Very low* |
| Hallman et al. (2021) | WFH associated with increased sleep | Moderate*** |
| Increased sleep associated with decreased work time | Moderate*** | |
| Increased sleep associated with decreased leisure time | Moderate*** | |
| Hoffman (2021) | Pet dogs associated with increased socialization with other people | Very low* |
| Pet dogs associated with healthy amounts of physical activity | Very low* | |
| Pet dogs associated with taking at least one 15-minute walk during the workday | Very low* | |
| Houle et al. (2021) | Headache related disability associated with increased risk of headaches | Low** |
| Neck pain related disabiluity associated with increased risk of neck pain | Low** | |
| Ng et al. (2021) | Workload associated with increased stress | Moderate** |
| Job crafting associated with less stress | Moderate** | |
| Kawashima et al. (2021) | WFH associated with lower fever rates | Low** |
| Izdebski & Mazur (2021) | Female gender associated with decreased mental health | Low** |
| Threat of worsening employment terms associated with decreased mental health | Low** | |
| Kenny (2020) | Frequently raising/straining voice (increased frequency) increased risk of new onset dysphonia | Moderate** |
| Older age associated with increased risk of new onset dysphonia | Moderate** | |
| Poor air quality associated with increased risk of new onset dysphonia | Moderate** | |
| Increased stress associated with increased risk of new onset dysphonia | Moderate** | |
| Higher frequency associated with self-rated dysphonia severity | Low** | |
| Poor posture associated with self-rated dysphonia severity | Low** | |
| Raising or straining voices associated with increased risk of new onset vocal tract discomfort | Moderate** | |
| Increased telephone use associated with increased risk of new onset vocal tract discomfort | Low** | |
| Increased frequency of frequently raising/straining voice associated with increased risk new onset vocal tract discomfort | Low** | |
| Increased stress associated with increased risk of new onset vocal tract discomfort | Low** | |
| Poor air quality associated with increased risk of new onset vocal tract discomfort | Low** | |
| Kumar et al. (2020) | Intervention reduced Perceived Stress Scores | Low** |
| Intervention reduced COVID-19-related stress scores | Low** | |
| Lafferty et al. (2022) | COVID-related work challenges associated with increased stress | Very low* |
| Larrea-Araujo et al. (2021) | Age associated with increased risk of neck ailments | Very low* |
| Arm ailments associated with increased risk of forearm | Very low* | |
| Limbers et al. (2020) | Parenting stress associated with a lower quality of life | Low** |
| Parenting stress associated with lower social relationships | Low** | |
| Parenting stress associated with lower environmental quality life | Low** | |
| Attenuation of negative effect of parenting stress on social relationships and environmental quality of life | Low** | |
| McDowell et al. (2020) | WFH associated with increased sitting time | High**** |
| WFH associated with increased screen time | High**** | |
| Oksanen et al. (2021) | Previous experience using social media communication associated with a decrease in “technostress” | Moderate*** |
| Previous experience using social media communication associated with a decrease in work exhaustion | Moderate*** | |
| Increase in use of formal social media associated with increased technostress | Moderate*** | |
| Reizer et al. (2021) | Intolerance of uncertainty and distress | Low** |
| Rohwer et al. (2020) | Degree of virtuality associated with boundarylessness | Low** |
| Psychological detachment associated with improved sleep quality | Low** | |
| Perceived stress associated with reduced sleep quality | Low** | |
| Shklarski et al. (2021) | WFH associated with videoconferencing fatigue | Very low** |
| Shockley et al. (2021) | Having camera on associated with increased videoconferencing fatigue | Moderate*** |
| Tušl et al. (2021) | WFH particularly if experienced for the first time associated with perceived positive impact on work–life | Moderate*** |
| van Niekerk & van Gent (2021) | Psychological distress and mental well-being (MWB) | Very low* |
| Age associated with decreased psychological distress | Very low* | |
| Age associated with increased mental wellbeing | Very low* | |
| Female gender associated with increased psychological distress | Very low* | |
| Wang et al. (2020) | Ineffective communication associated with work–home interference | Very low* |
| procrastination (e.g. social media, long breaks) associated with reduced productivity | Very low* | |
| Job autonomy associated with increased loneliness | Very low* | |
| High workload associated with increased devotion to work | Very low* | |
| Low workload associated with decreased work–home balance | Very low* | |
| Low social support associated with increased procrastination | Very low* | |
| High workload associated with increased work–home interference | Moderate*** | |
| High workload associated with increased work–home interference | Moderate*** | |
| Work–home interference associated with increased emotional exhaustion | Moderate*** | |
| How to work interference associated with increased emotional exhaustion | Moderate*** | |
| Loneliness associated with increased emotional exhaustion | Moderate*** | |
| WFH associated with increased loneliness | Moderate*** |
WFH = work from home.