Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Authors: countries | Designs: aims | Interventions: ways of distributing intervention | Selected outcomes | Major condition of study | Settings | Participant’s age | Gender: | Ethnicity | Incomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meischke et al.23: USA | RCT: To increase the use of emergency medical services via 911 calls and to reduce pre-hospital delay for individuals experiencing AMI symptoms | The Direct mail intervention: Direct Mail/Telephone |
- Calling 911 or EMS - Time of delay/seeking |
Mixed conditions (AMI/CAD patients & Normal People) | Mixed setting (Hospital & Community) | ≥ 80% ≥ 60 years with no report mean age and a standard deviation | Intervention group (n = 4,101) : male = 54.9 (2,251) , female = 46.1 (1,890) control group (n = 1,343) : male = 55.4 (744) , female = 44.6 (599) | White: 92.3% vs. 91.6%, African American 4.1% vs. 5.2%, Asian: 3.2% vs. 2.9%, American Indian: 0.1% vs. 0%, Hispanic: 0.4% vs. 0.2% | Intervention vs. Control groups < 20,000 = 35.4% vs. 31.0% 20,000–39,999 = 21.9% vs. 22.9% 40,000–49,000 = 20.2% vs. 19.2% 50,0000 = 22.6% vs. 26.9% |
| Hedges et al.24: USA | RCT: To determine the impact of a communicating educational intervention to reduce patient delay time | A community-based intervention program: Multiple Pathways (Face-to-Face/Home Visit & Advertisement) |
- Mortality - Awareness |
Risk People | Community | ≥ 80% ≥ 60 years with no report mean age and a standard deviation | Intervention group male = 65.4 (1,104) female = 34.6 (589) control group male = 61.5(814) ,female = 38.5 (510) | Mixed | Not report |
| Luepker et al.25: USA | RCT: To reduce patient delay from symptom onset to hospital presentation and increase emergency medical service (EMS) use | The Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) trial: Face-to-Face/Home Visit |
- Calling 911 or EMS - Time of delay/seeking |
Mixed conditions (AMI/CAD patients & Normal People) | Community | ≥ 80% ≥ 60 years with no report mean age and a standard deviation | No report |
Reference vs. Intervention groups Black: 8.7% vs. 8.7%, White: 76.7% vs. 78%, Hispanic: 11.6% vs. 12.1%, and (other): 4.9% vs. 3.2% |
Median household income: reference group = 29,896 (18,396–39,264), intervention group = 27,056 (15,890–32,842) |
| Meischke et al.26: USA | RCT: To evaluate the effectiveness of the heart attack survival kit | The Heart Attack Survival Kit: Multiple Pathways (Face-to-Face/Home Visit & Direct Mail/Telephone) |
- Calling 911 or EMS - Appropriate action/taking aspirin |
Normal People | Mixed setting (Hospital & Community) | 100% ≥ 60 years with mean age of 73 and a standard deviation (SD) of 6.4 | Male: 51% (n = 360), female 49% (n = 345) | American Indian | Income < 20,000 = 19%, 20,000–40,000 = 34%, 40,000–60,000 = 15%, > 60,000 = 7% |
| Meischke et al.27: USA | RCT: To test an intervention designed to (a) call 911 and (b) take an aspirin in response to AMI symptoms | The Heart Attack Survival Kit: Multiple Pathways (Face-to-Face/Home Visit & Direct Mail/Telephone) |
- Knowledge - Calling 911 or EMS - Appropriate action/taking aspirin |
Risk People | Community | 100% ≥ 60 years with mean age of 73 and a standard deviation (SD) 8.2 | Intervention group: Male = 37%(65) ,female = 63%(111) Control group : male = 37%(54) ,female = 63%(93) | Intervention vs. Control groups: white 95% (167) vs. 97% (143) and other 5% (9) vs. 3% (4) | Intervention vs. Control groups < 24,000$ = 16% vs. 22%, 25,000–39,000$ = 14% vs. 28%, 40,000–54,999$ = 15% vs. 10%, > 55,000$ = 18% vs. 18%, (p = .003) |
| Lefler et al.28: USA | Quasi-Experimental: To improve the accuracy of the perceived risk of MI perception, and increase knowledge of MI symptoms | A structured/tailored educational/counseling intervention: Face-to-Face /Home Visit |
- Knowledge - Belief/attitude |
Risk People | Community | 100% ≥ 60 years with no report mean age and a standard deviation | 100% were female | 85% (77) were Caucasian and 15% (13) others | Classified two groups < 30,000$ and = or more than 30,000 but did not report the results |
| Meischke et al.29: USA | RCT: To increase utilization of 911 and self-administration of aspirin for seniors experiencing chest pain | The Heart Attack Survival Kit: Face-to-Face/Home Visit |
- Calling 911 or EMS - Appropriate action/taking aspirin |
Risk People | Community | 100% ≥ 60 years with mean age of 78 and no report standard deviation | The proportion of males (39% in control group and 42% in intervention group) | Not report | Not report |
| Tullmann et al.30: USA | RCT: To investigate the effectiveness of educational and counseling intervention for older adults | A structured/tailored educational/counseling intervention: Face-to-Face /Home Visit |
- Knowledge - Belief/attitude - Calling 911 or EMS - Coping behavior/Anxiety |
AMI/CAD patients | Community | 100% ≥ 60 years with mean age of 74 and a standard deviation (SD) 6.0 | Total : male = 48% (55) ,female = 52% (60), Control group : male = 51% (29), female = 49% (28) intervention group : male = 45%(26) ,female = 55% (32) | White n = 83 (72%), African-American = 8 (7%), Hispanic = 14 (12%), Native American = 8 (7%), Asian/Pacific Islander = 1(1%), Other = 1(1%) | < $15,000 = 45%, $15,000 – $30,000 = 28%, $30,001 – $45,000 = 7%, $45,001 – $60,000 = 8%, > $60,000 = 9% |
| Kalman et al.31: USA | Quasi-Experimental: To increase women's knowledge of female prodromal and myocardial infarction (Ml) symptoms and the appropriate response to these symptoms | Health education-Matters Of Your Heart-using acronym FACTSS & CURB: Face to Face/Home Visit | - Knowledge | Risk People | Community | ≥ 80% ≥ 60 years with mean age of 68 and no report standard deviation | 100% women | The majority of the sample was Caucasian n = 46(92%), African American n = 2(3.9%), Other n = 1(2%) | Not report |
| Meisinger et al.32: Germany | RCT: To evaluate the effects of nurse-based case management for elderly patients discharged after an AMI from a tertiary care hospital | Nurse-based case management for elderly patients: Multiple Pathways (Face-to-Face/Home Visit & Direct Mail/Telephone) |
- Mortality - Readmission - Time of delay/seeking |
AMI/CAD patients | Community | 100% ≥ 60 years with mean age of 75.4 and a standard deviation (SD) 6.0 | Total Male 62% (204), Intervention 62.7% (101)/Control 61.3% (103) | Mixed | Not report |
| Kirchberger et al.33: Germany | RCT: To evaluate the nurse-based case management for elderly patients discharged from the hospital after an AMI | Nurse-based case management for elderly patients: Multiple Pathways (Face-to-Face/Home Visit & Direct Mail/Telephone) |
- Mortality - Readmission - Coping behavior/Anxiety - Malnutrition risk |
AMI/CAD patients | Community | 100% ≥ 60 years with mean age of 75.2 and a standard deviation (SD) 6.0 | Total Male 62% (204), Intervention 62.7% (101)/Control 61.3% (103) | Mixed | Not report |