Table 4.
Critical appraisal of the selected quasi-experimental studies (Tufanaru et al.19).
| Studies/total score | Is it clear in the study what is the cause and what is the effect (i.e. there is no confusion about which variable comes first)? | Were the participants included in any comparisons similar? | Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care, other than the exposure or intervention of interest? | Was there a control group? | Were there multiple measurements of the outcome both pre and post-intervention/exposure? | Was follow-up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow-up adequately described and analyzed? | Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way? | Were outcomes measured in a reliable way? | Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | Total (9) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lefler et al.28 | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| Kalman et al.31 | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 6 |