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. 2023 Oct 28;14:6869. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42609-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Top. Hypothesis of changes in cortical network motifs across learning. Bottom. Schematic of enrichment index. b Changes in enrichment index of stimulus- (top) and choice- (bottom) encoding cells across learning (stimulus: n.s., P = 0.08; choice: **P < 0.01, n = 13 sessions from 7 mice, one-tailed bootstrap). Red crosses indicate mean ± SEM. c Relationship between enrichment index and decoding accuracy of stimulus (top) and choice (bottom) in single neurons determined by AUC analysis (stimulus: ***P < 0.001, n = 1050 and 1221 neurons from 7 mice; choice: n.s., P = 0.14 and ***P < 0.001, n = 1017 and 1154 neurons from 7 mice for naive and expert, respectively, Pearson correlation). Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals from the mean. d Left. Learning-related increases in enrichment index for right-preferring stimulus (top)- and choice (bottom)-encoding cells after accounting for random changes in functional coupling (Fig. S7d and e). Only pairs of regions with P < 0.05 (one-tailed bootstrap) are displayed. Right. Changes in enrichment index with respect to the location of each region. Color of solid circles indicates intra-regional enrichment index. Thickness of lines is proportional to inter-regional enrichment index. e Schematic of activity reconstruction of target neurons following selective ablation of cell-coupling terms between source and target regions. f Session-averaged reconstructed population activity with functional coupling following targeted (blue) and control ablation (gray) of cell-coupling terms projected to the choice axis during the delay epoch (vS1: 6; RSC: 8; PPC: 9 sessions from 6 mice). Shaded area indicates mean ± SEM. g Left. Differences between choice-related population activity following targeted and control ablations averaged within the pre-action epoch (*P < 0.05, vS1: 6; RSC: 8; PPC: 9 sessions from 6 mice, one-tailed bootstrap with FDR). Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. Right, Same as left but for additional pairs of regions that showed statistically significant changes (one-tailed bootstrap).