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. 2023 Oct 28;13:334. doi: 10.1038/s41398-023-02625-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Task. A face was presented for 1 s followed by a question asking participants to identify the facial emotion (fearful or happy). For behavioral participants, after a blank screen of 500 ms, they were then asked to indicate their confidence in their decision (1” for “very sure”, “2” for “sure”, “3” for “unsure”). Faces are not shown to scale. b Sample stimuli of one female identity ranging from 100% happy/0% fearful to 0% happy/100% fearful. Three ambiguity levels (unambiguous, intermediate, and high) are grouped as shown above the stimuli. c–f Behavioral results. c Psychometric curves from individual participants showing the proportion of trials judged as fearful as a function of morph levels (ranging from 0% fearful [100% happy; on the left] to 100% fearful [0% happy; on the right]). d Group average of psychometric curves. Shaded area denotes ±SEM across participants. e Reaction time (RT; relative to stimulus onset) for the fear/happy decision as a function of the fearful level. f RT as a function of the ambiguity level. Violin plots present the distribution of RT for combined fMRI and EEG participants (n = 42).