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. 2023 Oct 28;13:334. doi: 10.1038/s41398-023-02625-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, b Functional localization. a Increasing ambiguity was correlated with increasing BOLD activity in the bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)/anterior insula. The generated statistical parametric map was superimposed on anatomical sections of the standardized MNI T1-weighted brain template. L left, R right. b Decreasing ambiguity was correlated with increasing BOLD activity in the right amygdala, left ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). c PPI analysis revealed functional connectivity between the amygdala and vmPFC as well as between the amygdala and dmPFC. d High-order PPI revealed functional connectivity between the amygdala and dmPFC. In the right plot, each dot represents a participant (n = 19), and the red line represents the linear fit. e Exceedance probability for each individual DCM model. Individual models are grouped into families (shown in red rectangles). f The best model shows a bidirectional connection between the vmPFC and amygdala, a bidirectional connection between the dmPFC and vmPFC, and a unidirectional connection from the dmPFC to the amygdala. Numbers show the mean of the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates of the optimal model.