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. 2023 Oct 28;13:334. doi: 10.1038/s41398-023-02625-w

Fig. 3. Single-neuron differential latency.

Fig. 3

a An example amygdala neuron that fire most to unambiguous faces and least to the most ambiguous faces (linear regression: P < 0.05). b An example dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) neuron that fire most to the most ambiguous faces and least to unambiguous faces (linear regression: P < 0.05). Raster (top) and PSTH (bottom) are color coded according to ambiguity levels as indicated. Trials are aligned to face stimulus onset (left gray bar, fixed 1 s duration) and sorted by reaction time (black line). PSTH bin size is 250 ms. Shaded area and error bars denote ±SEM across trials. Asterisk indicates a significant difference between the conditions in that bin (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni-corrected). c, d Average normalized firing rate of ambiguity-coding neurons. Asterisk indicates a significant difference between the conditions in that bin (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni-corrected). e, f Mean normalized firing rate at ambiguity level. Normalized firing rate for each unit (left) and mean ± SEM across units (right) are shown at each ambiguity level. Mean firing rate was calculated in a time window 250–1750 ms after stimulus onset (the same time window as neuron selections). Asterisks indicate a significant difference between conditions using paired two-tailed t-test. **P < 0.01 and ****P < 0.0001. c, e Neurons in the amygdala that increased their firing rate for the least ambiguous faces (n = 33). d, f Neurons in the dmPFC that increased their firing rate for the most ambiguous faces (n = 18). g Cumulative firing rate for neurons from the amygdala (green lines; n = 36 neurons) and dmPFC (magenta lines; n = 29 neurons). Shaded area denotes ±SEM across neurons. Solid lines: unambiguous faces. Dotted lines: the most ambiguous faces. Top bars show clusters of time points with a significant difference (one-tailed pairwise t-test; P < 0.01; FDR-corrected; cluster size >10 time points). Arrows indicate the first time point of the significant cluster. Green: amygdala neurons. Magenta: dmPFC neurons. h Difference in cumulative firing rate (same data as shown in g). Shaded area denotes ±SEM across neurons. Arrows indicate the first time point of the significant cluster. Green: amygdala neurons. Magenta: dmPFC neurons.