Table 2.

Bovine colostrum and its bioactive components against viruses.

Bovine Colostrum and Its Bioactive Components	Study Type	Name of the Virus	Mechanism of Action	References
Immunoglobulins	In-vitro and In-vivo	HIV	Cross-clade binding and neutralization activity against virus	(78)
	In-vivo	Influenza	Neutralization activity against virus, Increasing NK cell activity and blocking would reduce interleukin 6 production by epithelial cell	(79, 81)
	In-vivo	RSV	Inhibition and amelioration the symptom by RSV infection, and enhance the CD8 T cell responses	(80)
	Clinical Study	SARS-CoV-2 NCT04643561	Activation of a systemic antiviral immunity by targeting the gut immune system.	(87)
Oligosaccharides	In-vitro	Campylobacter jejuni Infections	Reduction of the invasion and translocation of enteric infection/virulence effect	(141)
BC	Clinical trial	Respiratory Tract Infections	Evaluation of the effects of a BC on the early recovery of COVID-19 patients across mild, moderate, and severe categories	(84, 194–198, 200)
	Clinical trial	HIV	Increasing nutritional support and immunity	(83, 202)
	Clinical trial	SARS-CoV-2	Neutralization activity against virus Enhancement of resistance to the development of symptoms	(85, 86, 201)