Table 3.

Studies that demonstrate identifying the key indicators of a smart city’s healthcare capabilities in developing countries

NO.	Author/s and Year	Main Point	Explanation of the point
1	Kaluarachchi, 2022; Neffati et al., 2021	Accessible and affordable healthcare	A smart city for healthcare in a developing country should focus on providing affordable and accessible healthcare to all citizens
2	Ross et al., 2020; Shamsuddin & Srinivasan, 2021; Syed et al., 2021	Digital healthcare infrastructure	A smart city for healthcare must have a robust digital infrastructure to enable the smooth flow of data between healthcare providers and patients
3	Angelidou, 2014; Anthopoulos, 2015; Braun et al., 2018	Healthcare facilities	In a developing country, a smart city for healthcare should have hospitals and clinics that are equipped with the latest medical technology, diagnostic equipment, and trained healthcare professionals
4	Al-Azzam & Alazzam, 2019; Alahi et al., 2023; Allam & Dhunny, 2019	Public health awareness	A smart city for health care should have a system that increases public health awareness and encourages citizens to adopt healthy lifestyle habits and reduce the risk of diseases
5	(Al-Azzam & Alazzam, 2019; Syed et al., 2021	Emergency Response Services	A smart city for healthcare should have an efficient emergency response system including ambulance services and emergency medical technicians to provide timely assistance to patients
6	Nikitas et al., 2020; Obaidat et al., 2019; Shamsuddin & Srinivasan, 2021	Research and Development	In developing countries, a smart city for healthcare should focus on research and development to find innovative solutions to address public health challenges
7	(González, 2022; Granier & Kudo, 2016; Hassankhani et al., 2021	Community involvement	A smart city for healthcare should encourage community involvement and participation, empowering local people to take ownership of their health and well-being and fostering a sense of social responsibility for health