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. 2023 Oct 30;21:299. doi: 10.1186/s12964-022-00872-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — M2 macrophage exosomes promote HCC cell metastasis in vitro. a Transmission electron micrograph of exosomes in M2-polarized macrophages. b Exosome size distribution as analyzed by Nanosight particle tracking. c Western blot analysis of exosome marker CD63, CD81, and CD9 expression. d Exosome internalization by HCC cells was assessed using PKH67. e The effect of M2 macrophage derived exosomes on HCC cell metastasis as assessed using the Transwell® assay. f:The effect of M2 macrophage derived exosomes on HCC cell migratory ability as assessed using the the scratch assay. g The effect of M2 macrophage exosomes on HCC cell EMT was assessed by western blotting. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001