Table 1.

Ten laws of classical physics, adapted from refs. 3 and 4

Newton’s laws of motion	1.First law of motion: A body will continue in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces imposed upon it. 2.Second law of motion: Force equals mass times acceleration. 3.Third law of motion: To every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
Newton’s law of gravitational attraction	4.Between any two objects there is an attractive force proportional to the products of the two masses divided by the square of the distance between them.
Laws of thermodynamics	5.First law of thermodynamics: In a closed system, the total amount of energy is conserved. 6.Second law of thermodynamics: Heat will not flow spontaneously from a colder to a warmer body.
Laws of electromagnetism (electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same force)	7.Electrostatics (Coulomb’s Law): The force between any two electrically charged objects is proportional to the product of their charges divided by the square of the distance between them. 8.Magnetostatics: Every magnet is a dipole; like magnetic poles repel each other while unlike poles attract. 9.Electromagnetism: Magnetic fields are created by moving electrical charges. 10.Electromagnetic induction: Electrical fields and electrical currents are created by changing magnetic fields.