Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants Who Had Metabolic Syndrome (Score ≥3) or Were in the Higher Risk Group for Each Cardiometabolic Risk Factor, 2018–2021
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic syndrome | 3,980 (20.4%) | 3,842 (19.7%)* | 4,456 (22.8%)*** | 4,315 (22.1%)* |
| Age, mean (SD) | 49.7 (10.2) | 50.8 (10.1) | 51.6 (10.1) | 52.8 (10.1) |
| Sex | ||||
| Women | 2,228 (18.3%) | 2,177 (17.9%) | 2,536 (20.9%)*** | 2,450 (20.9%)* |
| Men | 1,752 (23.7%) | 1,665 (22.5%)* | 1920 (26.0%)*** | 1865 (26.0%) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| BMI <30 | 1,167 (9.4%) | 1,075 (8.7%)* | 1,349 (11.1%)*** | 1,313 (10.8%) |
| BMI 30.0–34.9 | 1,229 (32.7%) | 1,196 (31.2%) | 1,371 (35.0%)*** | 1,353 (33.8%) |
| BMI ≥35.0 | 1,576 (48.5%) | 1,562 (47.5%) | 1,722 (51.3%)*** | 1,641 (49.3%) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 1,586 (21.6%) | 1,567 (21.4%) | 1,777 (24.2%)*** | 1,756 (23.9%) |
| Black | 460 (17.1%) | 442 (16.5%) | 538 (20.0%)*** | 484 (18.0%)* |
| Hispanic | 486 (22.6%) | 436 (20.3%)* | 509 (23.7%)*** | 485 (22.5%) |
| Asian | 419 (14.9%) | 411 (14.6%) | 494 (17.6%)*** | 497 (17.7%) |
| Sleep hours per day | ||||
| <6 | 778 (25.1%) | 1,301 (21.8%) | 1,472 (26.1%)*** | 1,467 (24.7%) |
| 6–7 | 2,347 (19.6%) | 1,292 (19.1%)* | 1,452 (22.0%)*** | 1,396 (20.1%) |
| >7 | 709 (18.2%) | 1,110 (17.8%) | 1,385 (20.5%)*** | 1,274 (20.0%) |
| Exercise level per week | ||||
| 0 time | 1,555 (28.3%) | 1,461 (26.8%) | 1,645 (31.1%)*** | 1,622 (30.2%) |
| 1–2 times | 1,197 (20.8%) | 1,242 (20.7%) | 1,421 (23.9%)*** | 1,366 (23.1%)* |
| 3–4 times | 340 (15.6%) | 305 (15.1%) | 396 (18.9%)** | 332 (16.1%) |
| ≥5 times | 142 (11.6%) | 124 (10.5%) | 191 (14.3%)* | 153 (11.7%) |
| Cardiometabolic risk factor: higher risk group threshold | ||||
| Blood pressure: SBP ≥130 mm/Hg or DBP ≥85 mm/Hg | 6,245 (32.0%) | 6,449 (33.0%)** | 7,457 (38.2%)*** | 7,585 (38.8%) |
| Fasting glucose: ≥100 mg/dL | 4,597 (27.5%) | 4,462 (26.7%)* | 5,661 (33.9%)*** | 5,223 (31.2%)*** |
| HDL cholesterol: <50 mg/dL for women; <40 mg/dL for men | 5,399 (27.6%) | 4,895 (25.1%)*** | 4,893 (25.0%) | 4,535 (23.2%)*** |
| Waist circumference: >35 inches for women; >40 inches for men | 6,668 (34.1%) | 6,661 (34.1%) | 6,825 (34.9%)** | 6,974 (35.7%)** |
| Triglyceride: ≥150 mg/dL | 4,335 (22.2%) | 4,309 (22.1%) | 4,544 (23.3%)*** | 4,614 (23.6%) |
P value comparing between index year and previous year using McNemar's test, except for age: *** <0.001 ** <0.01 *<0.05.
N (%) are reported unless indicated otherwise.
Total # of participants is 19,543, except for BMI (n = 19,478), race (n = 14,989), sleep hours per day (n = 18,987), exercise level per week (n = 14,654), and fasting glucose (n = 16,732).
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure.