Table 2.

Multiple Logistic Regression for Hospitalization of GOLD 2023 and GOLD 2017 Group in COPD

Variable	Crude OR (95% CI)	Crude P-value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted P-value
Model 1
GOLD 2023
Group A	Reference
Group B	0.88 (0.60–1.29)	0.511	0.80 (0.54–1.18)	0.259
Group E	1.83 (1.27–2.65)	0.001*	1.57 (1.07–2.30)	0.020*
Sex
Female	Reference
Male	1.26 (0.94–1.69)	0.118	1.10 (0.73–1.66)	0.639
Age	1.04 (1.02–1.05)	<0.001*	1.03 (1.02–1.05)	<0.001*
BMI	0.96 (0.93–0.98)	0.001*	0.98 (0.95–1.01)	0.159
Smoking status
Non-smoker	Reference
Current Smoker	1.16 (0.88–1.52)	0.298	1.09 (0.75–1.57)	0.660
Former Smoker	1.37 (1.03–1.82)	0.033*	1.09 (0.74–1.61)	0.662
COPD severity
Stage 1	Reference
Stage 2	1.40 (0.98–2.00)	0.063	1.30 (0.90–1.87)	0.158
Stage 3	1.50 (1.04–2.15)	0.028*	1.28 (0.88–1.86)	0.203
Stage 4	2.27 (1.52–3.37)	<0.001*	1.83 (1.20–2.78)	0.005*
Model 2
GOLD 2017
Group A	Reference
Group B	0.88 (0.60–1.29)	0.511	0.80 (0.54–1.18)	0.266
Group C	1.15 (0.59–2.25)	0.674	1.19 (0.61–2.34)	0.606
Group D	1.88 (1.30–2.73)	0.001*	1.60 (1.09–2.35)	0.015*
Sex
Female	Reference
Male	1.26 (0.94–1.69)	0.118	1.10 (0.73–1.65)	0.648
Age	1.04 (1.02–1.05)	<0.001*	1.03 (1.02–1.05)	<0.001*
BMI	0.96 (0.93–0.98)	0.001*	0.98 (0.95–1.01)	0.161
Smoking status
Non-smoker	Reference
Current Smoker	1.16 (0.88–1.52)	0.298	1.10 (0.76–1.59)	0.629
Former Smoker	1.37 (1.03–1.82)	0.033*	1.10 (0.75–1.62)	0.631
COPD severity
Stage 1	Reference
Stage 2	1.40 (0.98–2.00)	0.063	1.28 (0.89–1.85)	0.177
Stage 3	1.50 (1.04–2.15)	0.028*	1.25 (0.86–1.83)	0.244
Stage 4	2.27 (1.52–3.37)	<0.001*	1.79 (1.17–2.73)	0.007*

Note: Adjusted for sex, age, BMI, smoking status, and GOLD severity. * Statistical significance was determined at a P-value less than 0.05.

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; COPD severity, and the group were classified using Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria; OR, Odds Ratio; CI, confidence interval.