Table 5.
Stance, swing, and stride times obtained from the reference and the DL algorithm, and the absolute and relative time errors for comparison.
| Gait phase | Cohort | Reference system | DL algorithm | Absolute error | Relative error | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s | (s, s) | s | (s, s) | S | (s, s) | % | (%, %) | ||
| Stance | CHF | 0.93 | (0.90, 0.97) | 0.94 | (0.91, 0.97) | 0.03 | (0.02, 0.03) | 3 | (2, 3) |
| COPD | 0.93 | (0.91, 0.94) | 0.92 | (0.90, 0.93) | 0.04 | (0.04, 0.05) | 5 | (5, 5) | |
| MS | 0.98 | (0.97, 0.99) | 0.96 | (0.94, 0.97) | 0.03 | (0.03, 0.03) | 3 | (3, 3) | |
| PD | 0.80 | (0.79, 0.80) | 0.81 | (0.80, 0.81) | 0.02 | (0.02, 0.02) | 2 | (2, 2) | |
| PFF | 0.90 | (0.88, 0.91) | 0.83 | (0.82, 0.84) | 0.08 | (0.08, 0.08) | 9 | (9, 9) | |
| HA | 0.84 | (0.83, 0.85) | 0.84 | (0.83, 0.85) | 0.03 | (0.02, 0.03) | 3 | (3, 3) | |
| Swing | CHF | 0.41 | (0.40, 0.42) | 0.41 | (0.39, 0.42) | 0.02 | (0.02, 0.03) | 6 | (5, 7) |
| COPD | 0.43 | (0.42, 0.43) | 0.43 | (0.43, 0.44) | 0.04 | (0.04, 0.05) | 12 | (11, 13) | |
| MS | 0.41 | (0.41, 0.42) | 0.44 | (0.43, 0.44) | 0.03 | (0.03, 0.03) | 9 | (8, 9) | |
| PD | 0.41 | (0.40, 0.41) | 0.40 | (0.39, 0.40) | 0.02 | (0.02, 0.02) | 4 | (4, 4) | |
| PFF | 0.34 | (0.34, 0.35) | 0.41 | (0.40, 0.41) | 0.08 | (0.08, 0.08) | 27 | (26, 28) | |
| HA | 0.36 | (0.36, 0.36) | 0.36 | (0.36, 0.37) | 0.03 | (0.03, 0.03) | 8 | (8, 9) | |
| Stance | CHF | 1.34 | (1.31, 1.38) | 1.34 | (1.31, 1.38) | 0.02 | (0.02, 0.02) | 1 | (1, 2) |
| COPD | 1.35 | (1.33, 1.37) | 1.35 | (1.33, 1.37) | 0.02 | (0.02, 0.02) | 2 | (2, 2) | |
| MS | 1.39 | (1.38, 1.40) | 1.39 | (1.38, 1.40) | 0.02 | (0.02, 0.02) | 1 | (1, 1) | |
| PD | 1.20 | (1.19, 1.21) | 1.20 | (1.19, 1.21) | 0.01 | (0.01, 0.01) | 1 | (1, 1) | |
| PFF | 1.24 | (1.22, 1.25) | 1.24 | (1.22, 1.25) | 0.02 | (0.02, 0.02) | 2 | (2, 2) | |
| HA | 1.20 | (1.19, 1.21) | 1.20 | (1.19, 1.21) | 0.02 | (0.02, 0.02) | 2 | (1, 2) | |
Values represent the mean and 95% confidence interval of all stances, swings, and strides of the test subjects for the given cohort. CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DL, deep learning; HA, healthy adults; MS, multiple sclerosis; PD, Parkinson's disease; PFF, proximal femoral fracture.