TABLE 1.

Early HIV-1-induced gene expression in macrophages^a

GenBank accession no. and functional group	Gene product	Average fold increase
Signal transduction
M36430	GNB1	5.0
X15014	RalA	3.3
D26309	LIMK-1	3.1*
M14631	GNAS	3.0
L35253	MAP kinase p38	3.0
L29511	GRB2	2.7
AF068920	SHOC 2	2.5
L25080	Ras homolog A (RhoA)	2.5
AF055581	LNK adaptor	2.4
X17576	NCK melanoma cytoplasmic Src homolog	2.3
M98343	Cortactin (ems-1)	2.3
M65066	PRKAR1B	2.3
U10550	Gem (Ras family)	2.2
U78576	PI4P5 kinase alpha	2.2
U12779	MAPKAP kinase 2	2.2*
M19922	INT2	2.1
X15219	SnoN	2.1
M29870	Rac1	2.1
M28213	Rab2	2.1
U24166	EB1	2.1
L20321	Serine/threonine kinase NRK2	2.1
M34181	PKC beta	2.1
X60957	Tyrosine kinase receptor Tie-1	2.0
L05624	MAPKK1	2.0
X03484	Raf1 protooncogene	2.0
L22075	G13	2.0
X94991	Zyxin 2	2.0
M63960	PPIalpha	2.0
X06318	PKC beta 1	2.0
M77234	Fte-1	2.0
X08004	Rap1b	2.0
Transcription
U10323	NF45	3.6
L19871	Activating factor 3 (ATF3)	3.1
U12979	Activated RNA polymerase II transcriptional coactivator p15 (PC4)	2.9*
M81601	Transcription elongation factor SII	2.8
M29038	Stem cell protein	2.8
D90209	Activating factor 4 (ATF4)	2.8
M34079	TAT binding protein (TBP-1)	2.7
L34587	RNA polymerase II elongation factor SIII p15 subunit	2.6
L04282	CACCC-box DNA binding protein	2.6
U22431	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha	2.5*
L23959	E2F dimerization partner 1 (DP1)	2.5
M83234	NSEP	2.5
S40706	GADD153	2.4
M96824	Nucleobindin precursor (NUC)	2.4
M36717	Ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor (RAI)	2.4
D26156	SW1/SNF-related actin-dependent regulator of chromatin	2.3
X69391	60S ribosomal protein (RPL6)	2.3*
X59738	Zinc finger X-chromosomal protein	2.3
M59079	CBF-B	2.2
M96944	PAX5	2.2
AF084199	PRD1-BF1 (transcription repressor protein)	2.2
M97796	Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (ID2)	2.2
U07418	MutL protein homolog 1 (MLH1)	2.2
AF060222	DNase II	2.2
U58198	Interleukin enhancer binding factor (ILF)	2.1
Z36715	Elk-3	2.1
AF032119	CASK	2.1
M97935	STAT1 alpha/beta	2.1
Z30094	Basic transcription factor 2 (BTF2p44)	2.1
J04111	Jun protooncogene, AP-1	2.1
D26155	Transcriptional activator (hsnF2a)	2.0
M80397	DNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit	2.0
AF076974	Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein	2.0
Cell cycle and apoptosis
U13737	Caspase 3	2.2
L29222	CDC-like kinase (CLK1)	2.1
AF071596	IEX-1L anti-death protein	2.1
M15796	Proliferating cyclic nuclear antigen (PCNA)	2.1
X96586	FAN protein	2.1
U28014	Caspase-4	2.1*
Z23115	Bcl-x	2.0
U09579	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A)	2.0*
Adhesion molecules and receptors
M14648	Vitronectin receptor alpha (VNRA)	3.3
J03132	Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1)	3.1
M81695	CD11c antigen	2.5
X06256	Fibronectin receptor alpha (FNRA)	2.5
D84657	Photolyase/blue-light receptor homolog	2.4
X07979	Fibronectin receptor beta (FNRB)	2.7
D13866	Alpha 1 catenin	2.4
X72304	Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1	2.4
M59911	Integrin alpha 3 (ITGA3)	2.3
M37722	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1	2.2
L25851	Integrin alpha E (ITGAE)	2.1
M27492	IL-1 receptor type I	2.0
J04536	Leukosialin	2.0
X01057	IL-2R alpha	2.0
M59040	CD44 antigen	2.0
Chemokines and cytokines
Y00787	IL-8	9.7
M65291	IL-12 alpha	5.0
M24545	Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1)	4.5
X06233	Migration inhibitory factor-related protein 14 (MRP14)	3.8
M92381	Thymosin beta 10	3.7
M17733	Thymosin beta 4	3.6
X01394	Tumor necrosis factor alpha	3.4
X53655	Neurotrophin-3 precursor	2.6
M21121	Small inducible protein A5 (SCYA5)	2.5
M86492	Glia maturation factor beta	2.2
M31145	Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1	2.2
M27288	Oncostatin M (OSM)	2.1
U13699	IL-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE)	2.1
U16296	T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis inducing (TIAM1)	2.0
M25667	Neuromodulin	2.0
X02530	Interferon gamma-induced protein (IP-10)	2.0
Proteases and protease inhibitors
M11233	Cathepsin D	3.2
J05070	Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)	3.1
X56692	C-reactive protein	2.9
AF059244	Cystatin-related protein	2.8
X05562	Procollagen alpha 2	2.5
L23808	Matrix metalloproteinase 12	2.2
D00762	Proteasome C8	2.1
Z81326	Protease inhibitor 12	2.0
L40377	Cytoplasmic antiprotease 2 (CAP2)	2.0
M23254	Calpain 2	2.0
X04106	Calpain	2.0
Metabolism
U03688	Dioxin-inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1)	4.5
X06985	Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1)	4.2
U34683	Glutathione synthetase	3.0
X07270	90-kDa heat shock protein A	2.7*
U29091	Selenium binding protein	2.7
L14595	Neural amino acid transporter A (SATT)	2.6
D00099	Na+/K+-transporting ATPase alpha 1	2.4
M74524	Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBE2A)	2.3
X91247	Thioredoxin reductase	2.3
X54079	27-kDa heat shock protein	2.2*
M11717	70-kDa heat shock protein 1	2.1
L20046	Xeroderma pigmentosum group G complementing protein	2.0
Y00264	Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein	2.0*

^aTotal mRNA was extracted from uninfected and HIV-1-infected macrophages and analyzed by cDNA expression array. Values were normalized to those for housekeeping genes, and the data are presented as n-fold increases (≥2-fold) of infected cells compared to those in mock-infected control cultures. *, P ≤ 0.05.