Table 1. Basic characteristics of the included studies.
| Author | Year | Country | Study period | Study design | Sample size | Preoperative PVR | Sex ratio (M/F) | Age (years) | FU time (months) | Disease type | Type of surgery | QA | Risk factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gao | 2023 | China | 2016–2020 | Case control | 741 | Mixed | 423/318 | ≤40 155, 41–50 126, 51–60 215, 61–70 197, >70 48 | ≥6 | Primary RRD | Vitrectomy | 6 | Sex, age, preoperative PVR |
| Kasetty | 2023 | USA | 2010–2020 | Retrospective cohort | 62 | - | 25/37 | 15–24 10, 25–34 14, 35–45 38 | 33 | RRD | PPV | 4 | Age |
| Loiudice | 2023 | Italy | 2018–2020 | Case control | 85 | Mixed | 58/27 | 61.73±11.24 | 3 | Primary RRD | PPV | 4 | Age, aphakia or pseudophakia, macula off |
| Ferrara | 2022 | UK | 2011–2019 | Retrospective cohort | 8133 | Mixed | 5182/2951 | 59.13 (16–100) | ≥2 | Primary RRD | Vitrectomy 7064, SB 769, vitrectomy+SB 112, pneumatic retinopexy 188 | 4 | Age |
| Kocak | 2022 | Turkey | 2017–2021 | Case control | 150 | No | 97/53 | 57.86±12.40 | 3 | Primary RRD | PPV | 5 | Sex, age, aphakia or pseudophakia, macula off, extent of RD |
| Moussa | 2022 | UK | 2017–2021 | Retrospective cohort | 259 | Mixed | 187/72 | 61 (49–71)* | 6 | Primary RRD | PPV | 4 | Sex, age, preoperative PVR, macula off |
| Patel | 2021 | USA | 2015–2018 | Case control | 69 | Mixed | 51/18 | 42.9±15.5 | ≥3 | Primary RRD | SB | 6 | Sex, age, smoking, preoperative PVR, history of uveitis, surgical history, VH, aphakia or pseudophakia, macula off, IOP, retinal breaks, duration of RD symptoms |
| Zandi | 2021 | Switzerland | - | Case control | 65 | No | 40/25 | 61.3±13.4 | 6 | Primary RRD | PPV | 6 | Sex, age, aphakia or pseudophakia, macula off, retinal breaks |
| Antaki | 2020 | Canada | 2012–2019 | Case control | 506 | Mixed | 341/165 | 18–95 | 52 (3–105) | RRD | PPV | 5 | Sex, age, preoperative PVR, history of uveitis, surgical history, VH, aphakia or pseudophakia, macula off, IOP, retinal breaks, duration of RD symptoms |
| Slingsby | 2020 | USA | 2011–2017 | Retrospective cohort | 523 | - | - | 3–90 | 8.5 | Primary RRD | - | 5 | History of uveitis |
| Xu | 2019 | USA | 2014–2015 | Case control | 74 | No | 45/29 | 61.9±12.0 | 12.4±5.3 | Primary RD | SB 7, PPV 32, SB+PPV 35 | 6 | Sex, age, smoking, VH, aphakia or pseudophakia, IOP, retinal breaks, duration of RD symptoms |
| Mulder | 2018 | the Netherlands | 2014 | Case control | 195 | Mixed | 127/68 | 59.2±11.0 | ≥6 | Primary RRD | SB 70, PPV 125 | 4 | Sex, age, aphakia or pseudophakia |
| Conart | 2017 | France | 2013 | Case control | 100 | Mixed | 55/45 | 59.49±12.93 | ≥6 | Primary RRD | SB 20, PPV 80 | 5 | Age, VH, aphakia or pseudophakia, macula off, extent of RD |
| Eliott | 2017 | USA | 1999–2011 | Case control | 138 | Mixed | 107/31 | 42 ± 22 | ≥6 | RD | SB 3, PPV 70, SB+PPV 65 | 4 | Smoking, preoperative PVR |
| Ricker | 2012 | the Netherlands | 2001–2008 | Case control | 75 | Mixed | 45/20 | 43–79 | 3–80 | Primary RRD | SB | 5 | Sex, VH, aphakia or pseudophakia, macula off |
| Pastor | 2005 | Spain | 1996–2001 | Case control | 335 | Mixed | 214/121 | 54.5 (13–91) | 3 | RD | SB 169, vitrectomy 166 | 5 | Surgical history, aphakia or pseudophakia |
| Kon | 1999 | UK | 1995–1996 | Prospective cohort | 146 | Mixed | 94/42 | 59.0 (16–86) | 8.3 | RRD | PPV | 5 | Preoperative PVR |
| Capeans | 1998 | Spain | - | Case control | 65 | Mixed | 28/37 | 56.8 | 6.6 (3–15) | RRD | SB 63, pneumatic retinopexy 5 | 6 | Sex, aphakia or pseudophakia, macula off |
| Duquesne | 1996 | France | 1984–1993 | Prospective cohort | 390 | Mixed | 244/146 | 50 (4–85) | 12 | Primary RRD | SB 397, vitrectomy 144 | 4 | Preoperative PVR, VH |
| Girard | 1994 | France | 1985–1992 | Case control | 1020 | Mixed | - | - | 17.1±12.8 | RRD | SB 958, vitrectomy 176 | 4 | Preoperative PVR, history of uveitis |
| Cowley | 1989 | USA | 1978–1984 | Case control | 390 | Mixed | - | 58.3 | - | RRD | Vitrectomy 54 | 6 | Preoperative PVR, surgical history, VH, aphakia or pseudophakia, macula off |
| Bonnet | 1984 | France | - | Prospective cohort | 354 | - | - | - | ≥3 | RRD | Release of subretinal fluid 76, intravitreal gas injection 53, SB+ vitrectomy 20 | 6 | Surgical history |
* Median (interquartile range).
PVR, proliferative vitreoretinopathy; M/F, male/female; FU, follow-up; QA, quality assessment; IOP, intraocular pressure; RD, retinal detachment; RRD, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment; SB, scleral buckling; PPV, pars plana vitrectomy; VH, vitreous hemorrhage.