Table 2. Risk factors for PVR after RD surgery.

Risk factor	Pooled OR/WMD (95%CI)	P	I²
Demographic risk factor
Sex	1.17 (0.92, 1.49)	0.210	0.0
Age	3.98 (0.21, 7.75)	0.038	74.4
Smoking	5.07 (2.21, 11.61)	<0.001	1.0
Disease-related risk factor
Preoperative PVR	22.28 (2.54, 195.31)	0.005	87.8
History of uveitis	3.68 (0.81, 16.64)	0.091	55.5
Surgical history	1.17 (0.54, 2.53)	0.696	0.0
Vitreous hemorrhage	4.12 (1.62, 10.50)	0.003	52.9
Aphakia or pseudophakia	1.41 (1.02, 1.94)	0.040	0.0
Macula off	1.85 (1.24, 2.74)	0.002	47.2
Intraocular pressure	-0.97 (-3.36, 1.42)	0.427	84.0
Extent of RD	0.31 (0.02, 0.59)	0.036	0.0
Retinal breaks	0.09 (-0.19, 0.38)	0.523	0.0
Duration of RD symptoms	10.36 (2.29, 18.43)	0.012	40.7

PVR, proliferative vitreoretinopathy; RD, retinal detachment; WMD, weighted mean difference; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.