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. 2023 Feb 21;28(7):2848–2856. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-01988-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Effect of lithium treatment on the frequency of depression-like episodes. There was a significant effect of lithium treatment (P < 0.001, η² = 0.061 [medium ES], two-way repeated-measures ANOVA). The episodes were significantly more frequent after treatment was terminated (Group A in Period 2) than during treatment (Group A in Period 1) (**P < 0.01, r = 0.583 [large ES], paired U-test). The episode frequency after treatment was terminated was also higher than that of another treated group (comparing Group A and Group B in Period 2) (**P < 0.01, r = 0.373 [medium ES], U-test). Data are expressed as the means ± s.e.m. Group A, n = 27; Group B, n = 25.