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. 2023 Apr 21;28(7):2811–2825. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-02065-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Effect size and 95% confidence intervals are provided for each outcome included in the glutamatergic pathway and grouped into hyperinsulinemic, hypoinsulinemic, insulin-resistant, and brain insulin-resistant models respectively. [3H]-asp b [3H]-d-aspartate binding, [3H]-NMDA-R b [3H]-NMDA receptor binding, [3H]-AMPA-R b [3H]-AMPA receptor binding, [Glu] glutamate concentration, [Gluta] glutamine concentration, [Gly] glycine concentration, [D-ser] D-serine concentration, [L-ser] L-serine concentration, [Ser] serine concentration, act pot n° activity potential number, EAAT1 mRNA excitatory amino acid transporter type 1 mRNA, EAAT1 prot excitatory amino acid transporter type 1 protein levels, EPSCs excitatory postsynaptic currents, GDH act glutamate dehydrogenase activity, GDH Km glutamate dehydrogenase Michaelis constant, GDH Vmax glutamate dehydrogenase maximal velocity, Glu cl glutamate clearance, Glu upt glutamate uptake, GluR1 prot glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 protein levels, GluR1 Ser831 ph glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 phosphorylation at Ser831, GluR1 Ser845 ph glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 phosphorylation at Ser845, GluR2 prot glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 protein levels, GluR5 (GRIK1) glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type 1 subunit, GluR6 (GRIK2) mRNA glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type 2 subunit mRNA, GS act glutamine synthase activity, h[Glu] human glutamate concentration, h[Gluta] human glutamine concentration, KA2 (GRIK5) mRNA glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type 5 subunit mRNA, mGluR-5 mRNA metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 subunit mRNA, NMDA-R Bmax NMDA receptor maximal binding capacity, NMDA-R Kd NMDA receptor dissociation constant, NR1 prot glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1 protein levels, NR2A prot glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A protein levels, NR2B prot glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B protein level, PSD-95 prot postsynaptic density protein 95 protein levels, SAP-102 prot synapse associated protein 102 protein levels, vGlut1 prot vesicular glutamate transporter 1 protein levels, vGlut2 prot vesicular glutamate transporter 2 protein levels.