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. 2023 Mar 29;28(7):3044–3054. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-02037-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a The percentage of sucrose preference. b The total intake volume of water used to test appetite. c The percentage of sucrose pellets preference was operated to assess anhedonia. d The total intake weight of pellets was used to assess appetite. The immobility time in tail suspension (e) and forced swimming tests were recorded in the last 4 min of 6 min. f In the open field tests, the total travelled distance (g), the time spent in central space (h) and the times of vertical counts (i) were recorded in 5 min. In the three-chambered sociability test, the ratio of social circle duration (j) and chamber duration (k) were recorded in 10 min. l The picture mice of gnawing in the darkness and the representative images of stick scrap gnawed by mice in control, CUMR and CURD groups. m The chippings weights gnawed by mice in 2 h. After intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital at 50 mg/kg dose, the time of sleep latency (n) and sleep duration (o) were recorded. The total sleep time of mice without interference were recorded in 24 h (p). Data were presented as mean ± SD, n = 20 per group. One-way ANOVA for comparisons including more than two groups; unpaired two-tailed t-test for two group comparisons. Significant different from control group: *p < 0.05, and ***p < 0.001.