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. 2023 Jan 27;28(7):2645–2673. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-01964-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — In BD type 1, patients experience at least one manic episode and various depressive episodes, whereas in BD type 2 they undergo at least one depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode and have no history of manic episodes. A patient with type I or type II BD with “mixed features” consist of the co-occurrence either of hypomanic/manic episodes with 3 or more depressive symptoms or depressive episodes with 3 or more hypomanic/manic symptoms.