Table 1.

Health, economic, and social benefits of prospective Strep A vaccination and their distribution.

	Vaccination benefits	Individual	Family/ household	Health sector	Society
Health benefits	Direct health effects • Reduced morbidity & mortality directly due to Strep A diseases • Adverse effects of vaccination (negative benefit)	✓
	Prevention of secondary individual (physical) health effects • Aggravation of comorbidities • Nosocomial infections • Microbiome disruption	✓
	Mitigation of secondary population-level health effects • Disease transmission • Antimicrobial resistance • Healthcare congestion			✓	✓
	Improved mental health	✓	✓
Economic benefits	Reduced healthcare costs	✓	✓	✓
	Reduced caregiving costs	✓	✓	✓
	Reduced transportation costs	✓	✓
	Increased labor force participation, hours worked, and income	✓	✓		✓
	Increased productive non-market activities	✓	✓		✓
	Improved educational attainment, school attendance, and cognition	✓			✓
	Fiscal impacts • Increased tax receipts • Reduced public health spending			✓	✓
	Increased wealth/savings	✓	✓
	Reduced risk and severity of impoverishment	✓	✓		✓
	Reduced risk of economically disruptive outbreaks			✓	✓
Social benefits	Improved social equity				✓
	Intergenerational benefits		✓
	General risk reduction	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Improved quality of life	✓	✓		✓
	Reduced stigma	✓	✓	✓	✓