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. 2023 Oct 17;10:1282376. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1282376

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Copyright © 2023 Han, Derraik, Vickers, Devaraj, Huang, Pang, Godfrey, Chan, Thakkar, Cutfield and NiPPeR Study Group.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Average macronutrient concentrations in human milk (HM) in control and intervention groups by maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) status in the NiPPeR study over the first 3 months of lactation: (A) fat, (B) energy, (C) lactose, and (D) crude protein. Data are the least-squares means (i.e., adjusted means) for each group, adjusted for randomisation group, BMI status, group*BMI interaction term, visit, study site, gestational age at birth, and adherence. Error bars represent the respective 95% confidence intervals. ^*p < 0.05. Overwt/Obesity, Overweight/Obesity BMI; Under/Normal, Underweight/Normal weight BMI.