TABLE 1.
Studies reporting the critical roles of all tissue‐derived exosomes in communication between the periphery and the CNS.
| Exosome source | Substance carried | Recipient cell | Disease | Model | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gut | Virulence factors | Glia | AD | Not given |
↑Complement activation ↑Emergence of hallmark proteins ↑Intracerebral inflammation ↑Cognitive decline |
135 |
| Gut | MicroRNAs | Microglia | I/R |
Intestinal I/R in mice |
↑Microglial activation ↑Neuronal loss ↑Synaptic stability decline ↑Cognitive impairment |
162 |
| Muscles | Lipids | Pancreas/Liver | IR | HP‐fed mice | ↑Muscle homeostasis | 151 |
| Muscles | MiR‐29b‐3p | Neuronal cells | Neuronal dysfunction | In vitro |
↓Neuronal differentiation ↑Distal communication between muscle and neuronal cells |
152 |
| Lung cancer cells | Not given | Microglia | Lung cancer metastasis | In vitro |
↑M2 phenotypic microglia ↓M1 phenotypic microglia |
159 |
| Lung | TFs | Neurons | PD/AD | Not given | ↓Neuronal gene regulatory network | 160 |
Abbreviations. AD, Alzheimer's disease; HP, standard chow diet enriched with 20% palm oil; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; IR, insulin resistance; PD, Parkinson's disease.; TFs, transcription factors.