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. 2023 Oct 31;21:398. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02177-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — PLGA-Exos enhanced the osteogenic differentiation in vitro. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the internalization of DII-labeled Exos (red) by BMSCs and the cell nuclei of BMSCs were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar: 20 μm. (B) ALP activity assays of BMSCs after 3 days and (C) 7 days of osteogenic induction. Scale bar, and 400 μm. (D, E) Quantitative analyses of ALP and Ca^{2 +} levels in medium from BMSCs receiving Exos treatments. (F-I) ARS staining and Sirius red staining of BMSCs after 14 days of osteogenic induction and determination of the absorbance of the eluate after ARS staining and Sirius red staining. Scale bar, 200 μm (F) and 400 μm (H). (n = 3 per group, ANOVA, *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001)