TABLE 1.

Cases of intraosseous clival arteriovenous fistulae

Authors & Year	Age (yrs), Sex	Side	Symptoms	Another AVF	Feeders	Drainers	Treatment	Outcome
Chen et al., 20017	59, F	Lt	Pulsatile tinnitus & headache, sudden onset of diplopia & lt proptosis	––	Bilat APA, VA	CS, superior petrosal sinus, & cortical vein	Incomplete endovascular treatment & radiation	Symptoms improved
	65, F	Rt	Pulsatile tinnitus, headache & neck pain, diplopia	Foramen magnum	Bilat APA, VA, rt MHT	CS, IPS, cortical vein. drainage, jugular vein, & suboccipital cervical vein	Incomplete endovascular treatment	Lost to FU & died of cerebellar hemorrhage 1 yr later
Jung et al., 20096	—	—	Diplopia & ptosis	Ipsilat CS	—	CS, IPS, jugular bulb	TVE	Complete occlusion for clival AVF, residual weak shunt of DAVF in ipsilat CS remained
Hiramatsu et al., 20211	77, F	Rt	Double vision due to rt oculomotor nerve palsy	—	Bilat IMA	CS & SMCV	TVE via IPS & CS	Complete occlusion
Hirata et al., 20213	69, M	Rt	Pulsatile tinnitus	Rt PCC	Rt IMA, rt petrosal branch of MMA, OA, bilat MHT, anterior meningeal artery	Deep cervical vein & IJV through intraosseous vein in jugular tubercle	TVE of PCC, TAE of OA	Pulsatile tinnitus gone, complete occlusion
Present case	79, F	Rt	Lt proptosis & diplopia due to lt oculomotor nerve palsy, lt visual impairment, & rt eye & facial pain	Lt CS DAVF	Rt MMA, AMA, deep temporal artery, AFR, MHT, APA	Suboccipital CS through intraosseous vein, ACV, & PCV	TVE via PCC	Symptoms improved, complete occlusion

AFR = artery of foramen rotundum; AMA = accessory meningeal artery; APA = ascending pharyngeal artery; FU = follow-up; IMA = internal maxillary artery; MHT = meningohypophyseal artery; MMA = middle meningeal artery; OA = occipital artery; PCC = posterior condylar canal; SMCV = superficial middle cerebral vein; VA = vertebral artery; TAE = transarterial embolization.