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. 2023 Jul 21;28(8):3429–3443. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-02133-9

Table 2.

Main MR results and sensitivity analyses for the bidirectional relationships of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with mental health and substance use disorders.

Direction 1: Physical activity/sedentary behaviour -> Mental health/substance use disorders
Outcome Exposure MR method N (snps) b SE CI (lower) CI (upper) P-value (raw) P-value
(FDR-adjusted)		 Odds ratioa/Standardised effectb
Depression Accelerometer-based PA, mean acceleration (G1) IVW 7 −0.043 0.014 −0.071 −0.016 0.002 0.040 0.957a
Egger 7 −0.115 0.067 −0.246 0.016 0.145 0.812 0.891a
Weighted median 7 −0.039 0.023 −0.084 0.006 0.089 0.584 0.962a
Weighted mode 7 −0.065 0.036 −0.137 0.006 0.123 0.913 0.937a
Schizophrenia Accelerometer-based sedentary behaviour (G1) IVW 3 −0.230 0.028 −0.285 −0.175 0.000 0.000 0.795a
Egger 3 −0.079 0.893 −1.829 1.671 0.944 0.984 0.924a
Weighted median 3 −0.217 0.198 −0.605 0.171 0.273 0.744 0.805a
Weighted mode 3 −0.202 0.222 −0.636 0.232 0.458 0.913 0.817a
Schizophrenia Accelerometer-based sedentary behaviour (G2) IVW 53 −0.260 0.087 −0.431 −0.089 0.003 0.045 0.771a
Egger 53 −0.362 0.268 −0.887 0.162 0.182 0.812 0.696a
Weighted median 53 −0.207 0.079 −0.362 −0.052 0.009 0.186 0.813a
Weighted mode 53 −0.227 0.137 −0.496 0.042 0.104 0.913 0.797a
RAPS 53 −0.259 0.047 −0.351 −0.166 0.000 0.000 0.772a
Schizophrenia Accelerometer-based walking (G1) Wald ratio 1 −0.998 0.322 −1.629 −0.368 0.002 0.040 0.368a
Anorexia Accelerometer-based sedentary behaviour (G2) IVW 51 −0.341 0.096 −0.530 −0.152 0.000 0.014 0.711a
Egger 51 −0.797 0.360 −1.503 −0.090 0.032 0.555 0.451a
Weighted median 51 −0.278 0.136 −0.546 −0.011 0.041 0.351 0.757a
Weighted mode 51 −0.287 0.281 −0.838 0.264 0.313 0.913 0.751a
RAPS 52 −0.280 0.086 −0.448 −0.111 0.001 0.012 0.756a
ADHD Self-reported moderate-vigorous PA (G2) IVW 100 0.525 0.171 0.189 0.860 0.002 0.040 1.690a
Egger 100 −0.517 0.716 −1.920 0.885 0.471 0.812 0.596a
Weighted median 100 0.243 0.188 −0.125 0.611 0.195 0.744 1.275a
Weighted mode 100 0.152 0.478 −0.786 1.090 0.751 0.913 1.164a
RAPS 100 0.545 0.120 0.310 0.780 0.000 0.000 1.725a
Cigarette Smoking Accelerometer-based PA, mean acceleration (G1) IVW 6 −0.026 0.005 −0.035 −0.017 0.000 0.000 −0.022b
Egger 6 −0.039 0.030 −0.097 0.019 0.261 0.812 −0.005b
Weighted median 6 −0.022 0.009 −0.040 −0.004 0.018 0.276 −0.010b
Weighted mode 6 −0.021 0.012 −0.044 0.003 0.145 0.913 −0.007b
Direction 2: Mental health/substance use disorders -> Physical activity/sedentary behaviour
Exposure Outcome MR method N (snps) b SE CI (lower) CI (upper) P-value (raw) P-value
(FDR-adjusted)		 Standardised effect
PTSD Self-reported moderate-vigorous PA (G2) IVW 220 0.022 0.006 0.009 0.034 0.001 0.009 0.005
Egger 220 −0.012 0.027 −0.065 0.041 0.659 0.998 −0.001
Weighted median 220 0.025 0.007 0.011 0.039 0.001 0.020 0.005
Weighted mode 220 0.048 0.026 −0.002 0.098 0.063 0.872 0.003
RAPS 220 0.024 0.005 0.015 0.033 0.000 0.000 0.007
Bipolar disorder Accelerometer-based moderate PA (G1) IVW 52 0.043 0.013 0.017 0.068 0.001 0.010 0.016
Egger 52 0.139 0.063 0.015 0.263 0.033 0.796 0.011
Weighted median 52 0.038 0.016 0.006 0.070 0.021 0.236 0.011
Weighted mode 52 0.048 0.037 −0.024 0.120 0.198 0.872 0.006
Bipolar disorder Accelerometer-based moderate PA (G2) IVW 234 0.024 0.007 0.011 0.037 0.000 0.006 0.018
Egger 234 0.022 0.023 −0.024 0.068 0.345 0.998 0.005
Weighted median 234 0.027 0.009 0.008 0.045 0.005 0.082 0.014
Weighted mode 234 0.042 0.028 −0.012 0.096 0.133 0.872 0.007
RAPS 234 0.027 0.006 0.015 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.021
Bipolar disorder Accelerometer-based sedentary behaviour (G2) IVW 234 −0.026 0.008 −0.041 −0.011 0.001 0.009 −0.017
Egger 234 −0.016 0.027 −0.070 0.038 0.565 0.998 −0.003
Weighted median 234 −0.013 0.010 −0.032 0.006 0.176 0.742 −0.007
Weighted mode 234 0.014 0.029 −0.042 0.070 0.619 0.872 0.002
RAPS 234 −0.027 0.006 −0.039 −0.014 0.000 0.000 −0.021
Schizophrenia Accelerometer-based moderate PA (G2) IVW 424 0.018 0.003 0.011 0.024 0.000 0.044 0.014
Egger 424 0.024 0.012 0.002 0.047 0.035 0.998 0.004
Weighted median 424 0.013 0.004 0.006 0.021 0.001 0.215 0.012
Weighted mode 424 0.009 0.013 −0.017 0.035 0.511 0.872 0.006
RAPS 424 0.018 0.002 0.014 0.023 0.000 0.021 0.014
Schizophrenia Accelerometer-based sedentary behaviour (G2) IVW 424 −0.023 0.006 −0.035 −0.011 0.000 0.006 −0.018
Egger 424 −0.023 0.022 −0.066 0.021 0.309 0.998 −0.005
Weighted median 424 0.002 0.008 −0.013 0.018 0.777 0.944 0.001
Weighted mode 424 0.018 0.021 −0.023 0.060 0.388 0.872 0.004
RAPS 424 −0.022 0.005 −0.031 −0.012 0.000 0.000 −0.021
Schizophrenia Self-reported moderate-vigorous PA (G1) IVW 196 0.017 0.005 0.008 0.026 0.000 0.004 0.009
Egger 196 0.021 0.018 −0.015 0.057 0.255 0.998 0.003
Weighted median 196 0.009 0.005 −0.001 0.018 0.076 0.685 0.004
Weighted mode 196 −0.002 0.013 −0.027 0.024 0.883 0.935 −0.000
Schizophrenia Self-reported moderate-vigorous PA (G2) IVW 424 0.018 0.003 0.011 0.024 0.000 0.000 0.013
Egger 424 0.024 0.012 0.002 0.047 0.035 0.796 0.005
Weighted median 424 0.013 0.004 0.006 0.021 0.001 0.020 0.008
Weighted mode 424 0.009 0.013 −0.017 0.035 0.511 0.872 0.002
RAPS 424 0.018 0.002 0.014 0.023 0.000 0.000 0.018
Anorexia Self-reported moderate-vigorous PA (G1) IVW 6 0.061 0.009 0.042 0.079 0.000 0.000 0.015
Egger 6 0.051 0.037 −0.021 0.124 0.238 0.998 0.003
Weighted median 6 0.065 0.015 0.035 0.094 0.000 0.001 0.010
Weighted mode 6 0.071 0.022 0.029 0.114 0.021 0.872 0.008
ADHD Self-reported moderate-vigorous PA (G2) IVW 73 0.017 0.005 0.007 0.027 0.001 0.009 0.008
Egger 73 0.015 0.018 −0.020 0.049 0.405 0.998 0.002
Weighted median 73 0.008 0.006 −0.004 0.020 0.191 0.742 0.003
Weighted mode 73 −0.006 0.015 −0.036 0.024 0.691 0.899 −0.001
RAPS 73 0.013 0.004 0.006 0.020 0.000 0.003 0.009
Autism Accelerometer-based walking (G1) IVW 2 −0.122 0.021 −0.164 −0.081 0.000 0.000 −0.027

Only IVW/Wald ratio estimates with a FDR-adjusted p < 0.05 are presented in the table (the full MR results for all associations are reported in Appendix 2); alternative MR methods are not available for instruments including less than 3 SNPs; as effect size measures, odds ratios are reported for binary outcomes and standardised beta coefficients for continuous outcomes;

MR Mendelian randomisation, IVW inverse variance weighted, RAPS Robust adjusted profile score, CI confidence interval, FDR false discovery rate, PA physical activity;

G1 = genome-wide significant genetic instrument (P < 5 × 10 − 8), G2 = more relaxed genetic instrument (P < 1 × 10 − 6).

aOdds ratio.

bstandardised effect size.

Bold values indicate MR effects with a p-value < 0.05.