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. 2023 Aug 14;28(8):3171–3181. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-02202-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Overview of sensitive periods during brain development: The curves indicate the plastic potential for different neural systems between 0 and 30 years of age: (a) threat-regulation involving cortical-hippocampal-amygdala circuits (b) HPA-axis system (c) PFC/Connectivity subsumes local changes in PFC-properties (E/I-balance, Dopamine) as well as long-range connectivity with cortical-subcortical target regions (d) Reward System comprising striatum and connectivity with PFC and (e) social-Cognitive Processes. HPA-axis hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, PFC prefrontal cortex, E/I balance Excitation/Inhibition-balance, PFC prefrontal cortex.