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. 2023 Oct 31;15:239. doi: 10.1007/s40820-023-01187-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Surface functionalization through polypeptide and growth factors grafting. a Schematic representation of the fabrication process of nanocoating modified 3D printed scaffolds and the sequential release of growth factors in the nanocoating film. b Protein release profiles of nanocoating within 2 weeks. c Fluorescent images of hMSCs and HUVECs on the 3D printed scaffolds. The hMSCs exhibited a well-distributed spread on scaffold surface, while the HUVECs formed an aggregative microvascular networks. a–c are reproduced with permission [164].

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