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. 2023 Oct 31;15:239. doi: 10.1007/s40820-023-01187-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Structural mimicking designs for vascularized tissue constructs. a The schemata of the functions of lotus root microstructure and the application of lotus root-like biomimetic materials in tissue regeneration. Traditional and embedded structure of 3D printed nozzle and the printing process. b Fluorescence image of histological sections of biomimetic scaffolds, the optical and magnified blood vessels within the scaffolds, and the micro-CT analysis of newly formed c, bone tissue. a, b are reproduced with permission [215].

Copyright 2017, Wiley. c Bioprinting process of the Haversian bone-mimicking scaffolds. d The histological studies of the Haversian bone-mimicking scaffold implants to evaluate vasculogenesis and osteogenesis properties. c, d are reproduced with permission [217]. Copyright 2020, American Association for the Advancement of Science