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. 2023 Oct 31;15:239. doi: 10.1007/s40820-023-01187-2

Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

Schematic representation of materials and approaches for intelligent vascularized additive manufacturing-scaffolds. A Schematic diagram of the application of additive manufacturing in bone tissue. Three main parts are described: the raw material for additive manufacturing, the printing process and the application scenario. (From left to right) B Four representative modifications of 3D vascularized scaffolds: functional vascularized 3D printed scaffolds, vascularized 3D printed scaffolds loaded with specific carriers, bionic vascularized 3D printed scaffolds cell-based and vascularized 3D printed scaffolds. (From the top left, clockwise) C The response process of a 4D printed vascularized scaffold. From left to right: the printing process, the processes of dissolution, light, magnetism and temperature over time, the potential for applications in vascularized osteogenesis. D and E The printing process for 4D and 5D printing