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. 2023 Oct 31;14:6939. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42116-6

Fig. 5. ONN training and results.

Fig. 5

a Data examples of MNIST dataset. b Training loss and validation accuracy results using different activation functions on the MNIST dataset. c Confusion matrix using optical activation function 3 on the MNIST dataset. d Visualized activation map trained on the MNIST dataset with the optical activation function 3. e Data examples of CIFAR-10 dataset. f Training loss and validation accuracy results using different activation functions on the CIFAR-10 dataset. g Confusion matrix using optical activation function 3 on the CIFAR-10 dataset. h Visualized activation map trained on the CIFAR-10 dataset with the optical activation function 3.