. 2023 Oct 9;27(12):2077–2090. doi: 10.1007/s10995-023-03781-7

Table 2.

Characteristics of dietary patterns

Study	Type of diet	Foods used to define pattern
OMCHS Okubo et al (2011) Japan	Healthy Western	White vegetables, potatoes, green and yellow vegetables, seaweeds, fruit, sea products, fish and shellfish Beef and pork, chicken, vegetable oil, processed meat, eggs and salt-containing seasonings Japanese: miso soup, pickled vegetables, rice, fish and sea products
The mother–child ‘Rhea’ cohort study Chatzi et al., (2011) Greece	Health Conscious Western	Fruit, vegetables, pulses, nuts, fish and seafood, dairy products and olive oil Meat and meat products, cereals, potatoes, sugar and sweets, fats except olive oil, salty snacks, eggs, beverages and sauces
Baskin et al (2017) Australia	Healthy Unhealthy	Vegetables, eggs, nuts, fruit, whole grains, tea, water, fish and seafood Refined grains, condiments, fast foods, high-energy drinks, hot chips, sweets and desserts, fruit juice, red meats, high-fat dairy, nuts-based and oil/vinegar-based dressing
ALSPAC Barker et al (2013) UK	Healthy Unhealthy	Fish (i.e. oily fish and white fish), non-meat protein (i.e. nuts and pulses), vegetables (i.e. green vegetables, carrots, cabbage, other root vegetables) Processed food (i.e. meat pies or pastries, fried food, crisps, chips), junk food (i.e. cakes/buns, chocolate bars, biscuits)
ALSPAC Pina-Camacho e tal (2015)	Unhealthy	Processed food (i.e. meat pies or pastries, fried food, chips), confectionery (i.e. crisps, cakes or buns, chocolate bars, biscuits)
UK Cao et al., (2019) China	Beverage Vegetable Cereal-Meat Nut-Fruit Egg Seafood	Pickled smoked products, alcohol, beverages and desserts Vegetables, tubers and legumes Cereals, milk and milk products, poultry and meat Nuts and fruits Eggs Seafood
EDEN Galera et al (2018) France	Healthy Western	Vegetables, fruit, fish, and whole grain cereals Processed and snacking foods
Huddy et al (2016) Australia	The dietary Guideline Index	Diet variety, vegetables, grains and cereals, fruit, dairy and alternatives, meat and alternatives, discretionary food items, fat and sugar, and alcohol intakes

Study

Type of diet

Foods used to define pattern

OMCHS

Okubo et al

(2011)

Japan

Healthy

Western

White vegetables, potatoes, green and yellow vegetables, seaweeds, fruit, sea products, fish and shellfish

Beef and pork, chicken, vegetable oil, processed meat, eggs and salt-containing seasonings

Japanese: miso soup, pickled vegetables, rice, fish and sea products

The mother–child ‘Rhea’ cohort study

Chatzi et al., (2011)

Greece

Health Conscious

Western

Fruit, vegetables, pulses, nuts, fish and seafood, dairy products and olive oil

Meat and meat products, cereals, potatoes, sugar and sweets, fats except olive oil, salty snacks, eggs, beverages and sauces

Baskin et al

(2017)

Australia

Healthy

Unhealthy

Vegetables, eggs, nuts, fruit, whole grains, tea, water, fish and seafood

Refined grains, condiments, fast foods, high-energy drinks, hot chips, sweets and desserts, fruit juice, red meats, high-fat dairy, nuts-based and oil/vinegar-based dressing

ALSPAC

Barker et al

(2013)

Healthy

Unhealthy

Fish (i.e. oily fish and white fish), non-meat protein (i.e. nuts and pulses), vegetables (i.e. green vegetables, carrots, cabbage, other root vegetables)

Processed food (i.e. meat pies or pastries, fried food, crisps, chips), junk food (i.e. cakes/buns, chocolate bars, biscuits)

ALSPAC

Pina-Camacho e tal

(2015)

Unhealthy

Processed food (i.e. meat pies or pastries, fried food, chips), confectionery (i.e. crisps, cakes or buns, chocolate bars, biscuits)

Cao et al., (2019)

China

Beverage

Vegetable

Cereal-Meat

Nut-Fruit

Egg

Seafood

Pickled smoked products, alcohol, beverages and desserts

Vegetables, tubers and legumes

Cereals, milk and milk products, poultry and meat

Nuts and fruits

Eggs

Seafood

EDEN

Galera et al

(2018)

France

Healthy

Western

Vegetables, fruit, fish, and whole grain cereals

Processed and snacking foods

Huddy et al

(2016)

Australia

The dietary Guideline Index

Diet variety, vegetables, grains and cereals, fruit, dairy and alternatives, meat and alternatives, discretionary food items, fat and sugar, and alcohol intakes