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. 2023 Oct 2;55(10):2097–2104. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-01087-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Cullin proteins recruit adaptor proteins (Skp1 for Cul1 and Cul7, Elongin B/C for Cul2 and Cul5, BTB protein for Cul3, and DDB1 for Cul4A and 4B), receptor proteins (F-box proteins for Cul1, VHL-box for Cul2, DCAF for Cul4A and 4B, SOCS for Cul5, and FBXW8 for Cul7), and the RING protein (Rbx1/2) to form CRL E3 ubiquitin ligases that transfer ubiquitin from Rbx1/2-bound E2 to substrate proteins.