Table 1.
Relationships between E3 ligase adaptors and metabolic regulation.
| E3 ligase or adaptor | Substrates | Metabolic diseases or regulation | Small compound |
|---|---|---|---|
| TRIM Family | |||
| TRIM27 | RIP1 | T1DM, β-cell mass | NA |
| TRIM32 | PI3K, AKT | Insulin resistance, Diabetes-related muscle atrophy | NA |
| TRIM72 (MG53) | IRS1 | Insulin signaling | MID-00935 |
| TRIM63 (MuRF-1) | mTOR, c-Jun | Diabetes-related muscle atrophy | MyoMed-205 |
| TRAF Family | |||
| TRAF4, TRAF6 | PI3K, AKT, IRS1 | Insulin resistance, Glycolysis, Cell proliferation, Apoptosis | 6877002 |
| TRAF2 | JNK | Obesity, ER stress, Hyperglycemia, Hyperinsulinemia | NA |
| MARCH Family | |||
| MARCH6 (TEB4 or RNF176) | HMGCR, SM, LDM/CYP51A1, DHCR24, PLIN2, NPC1, BSEP | Cholesterol metabolism, Lipid metabolism | NA |
| MARCH1 | IRS1 | Glucose homeostasis | NA |
| KLHL Family | |||
| KLHL3 | WNK4, NEDD8 | Obesity, NAFLD, T1DM, T2DM, Hyperglycemia, Insulin resistance | NA |
| KLHL19 (KEAP1) | NRF2 | Oxidative stress, NAFLD, Lipid metabolism, Glucose metabolism, Cancer | K67 |
| KCTD Family | |||
| KCTD15 | GRP78 | Adipogenesis | NA |
| KCTD17 | PHLPP2, OGA, CHOP | Obesity, NAFLD, NASH, Insulin resistance, Adipogenesis | NA |