Table 1.

Examples of different delivery systems for cancer treatment.

Delivery system	Component excipients for preparing nanocarriers	Target genes	Treated Cancer (Target cells)	Main outcomes of the research	Ref.
Liposomes	Chol: DOPE: MAL-PEG-DOPE = 1:1:0.1	BRAF	Melanoma (A375)	Significantly inhibition of cancer growth was observed due to silencing BRAF	[199]
	AtuFECT01: Chol: mPEG 2000-DSPE=70:29:1	CD31	Lung cancer (LLC)	Reduced formation of lung metastases and increased life span	[200]
	DOPC	JNK-1	Ovary cancer (HeyA8 or SKOV3ip1)	Growth inhibition and apoptosis of cance rwas observed due to down-regulation of the JNK-1	[201]
	DOTAP: DOPE=1:1	BCL-XL	Breast cancer (MCF-7)	Formulation efficiently deliveredsiRNA and inhibited the expression of BCL-XL in cells	[202]
	c-RGD conjugated DSPE-PEG2000; Chol: DOTAP: DSPC	STAT3	Melanoma (B16F10)	Conjugation of c-RGD on the liposomes increased the efficiency of siRNA delivery to cancer	[203]
polymer	PAMAM	BCL-2	Cervical cancer (HeLa)	The use of PAMAM loaded siRNA-BCL-2 and Cur showed more effective cellular uptake, and higher inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.	[112]
	PEI-PEG	CD44	GBM multiforme (U87MG)	The delivery of siRNA-CD44 using the polymeric NPs significantly downregulated CD44 gene and attenuated the cell cycle	[204]
	Carboxymethyl chitosan modified with histidine, cholesterol, and anti-EGFR antibody	VEGFA	Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231)	Formulation could effectively silence the VEGFA to cause cell apoptosis and inhibit proliferation.	[205]
	Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide-labeled chitosan NP	POSTN, FAK, and PLXDC1	Ovarian cancer (SKOV3ip1, HeyA8, and A2780)	siRNA successfully delivered by chitosan nanoparticle against ovarian cancer	[206]
	FA-targeted PEGylated cyclodextrin	RelA	CRC (CT26)	Formulation enhanced the apoptotic effect of DTX with thedownregulation of RelA expression	[119]
Inorganic NPs	AuNP	EGFR	Lung cancer (A549)	Systemic delivery of AuNP significantly inhibits tumor growth in mics	[207]
	AuNPs-PEI-FA	RelA	Prostate cancer (LNCaP)	The functionalized AuNPs efficiently delivered siRNA at targeted site	[208]
	Magnetic nanocarriers	Yap	Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	Formulation could decrease the YAP1 expression down to approximately 35 %, reducing the cell proliferation and migration	[209]
	Graphene	Survivin	Breast cancer (MCF-7)	Graphene could deliver siRNA to MCF-7 cells and prevented tumor development	[210]
	Carbon nanotubes and DOTAP	CXCR4	Ovarian cancer (SW626 MG and SKOV-3)	The co-delivery of Gemcitabine and siRNA significantly repressed the tumor growth of ovarian	[211]
	Mesoporous silica NPs(surface-modified with APTES and chitosan)	STAT3	Breast cancer (MCF7)	The co-delivery of methotrexate and siRNA-STAT3 significantly decreased the viability of breast cancer cells	[212]
Biological	Exosomes	ITGB6	Prostate cancer (LNCaP)	The delivery of siRNA-ITGB6 significantly downregulated expression of the β6 subunit genes, had remarkable suppressive effects on migration and adhesion	[213]
		KRAS	Pancreatic cancer (PANC-1,BxPC-3 and KPC689)	Treatment with iExosomes suppressed cancer in multiple mouse models of pancreatic cancer and significantly increased overall survival	[214]
	Cancer cell membrane, PLGA	PD-L1	Breast/Cervical cancer (MDA-MB-231 and Hela)	Effectively transported siRNA to cancer cells and enhanced the cellular uptake	[132]
Hydrogels	Platelet membrane–coated metal-organic framework	Survivin	Breast cancer (SK-BR-3)	High silencing efficiency could be achieved in vitro against multiple target genes	[215]
	PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA, cholesterol‐modified antimicrobial peptide DP7	Pin1	Hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B)	DP7‐C NPs and hydrogel‐assisted siRNA delivery prolonged the silencing effects of Pin1 siRNA and inhibited tumor progression	[216]
	Collagen hydrogel, PEI	Id1	gastric cancer (SGC-7901)	Hydrogel significantly prolonged siRNA action time and enhanced its efficacy on target gene	[217]