CM derived from HSCs cultured on the stiff substrates upregulates FAO metabolism in colon cancer cells. A–C, FAO rate (A), ROS content (B), and ATP level (C) of DLD1 or HCT116 cells treated with CM from LX-2 cells cultured on 1 kPa, 10 kPa, and 25 kPa polyacrylamide hydrogels for 48 hours (one-way ANOVA; n = 5 independent experiments). D, The basal respiration, maximal respiration, spare respiration capacity, and ATP production of DLD1 cells with indicated treatment were measured by OCR measurements (one-way ANOVA; n = 5 independent experiments). E and F, Relative expression of FAO-related genes in DLD1 and HCT116 cells treated with indicated CM by qPCR analysis (E) and Western blot analysis (one-way ANOVA; n = 5 independent experiments; F). Data are graphed as the mean ± SD. ns, not significant; P > 0.05; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.