Table 2. Adjusted Associations Between Awareness, Past Use, and Potential Future Use of 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline and Past 30-Days Psychological Distress Status (US Adults, June 2023, N = 4942).
| Psychological distress category | Model 1: has heard of 988 Lifeline | Model 2: has used 988 Lifeline on behalf of themselves | Model 3: very likely to use 988 Lifeline in the future if self or loved one were experiencing a mental health crisis or suicidalitya | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95% CI) | P value | AOR (95% CI) | P value | AOR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Psychological distress, past 30 d (K6 score) | ||||||
| Serious (≥13) | 1.45 (1.16-1.82) | .001 | 31.96 (12.01-85.08) | <.001 | 0.91 (0.7-1.18) | .49 |
| Moderate (5-12) | 1.27 (1.09-1.47) | .002 | 5.15 (1.78-14.89) | .003 | 0.76 (0.63-0.9) | .002 |
| None (≤11) | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Age, y | ||||||
| 18-29 | 1.78 (1.49-2.11) | <.001 | 9.62 (1.51-61.28) | .02 | 0.64 (0.53-0.78) | <.001 |
| 30-44 | 1.1 (0.94-1.29) | .25 | 3.53 (0.53-23.76) | .19 | 0.6 (0.5-0.72) | <.001 |
| 45-59 | 1 (0.85-1.17) | .96 | 3.98 (0.57-27.61) | .16 | 0.78 (0.66-0.93) | .006 |
| ≥60 | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Income, $ | ||||||
| <10 000 | 0.53 (0.36-0.77) | .001 | 0.3 (0.04-2.12) | .23 | 0.74 (0.48-1.15) | .18 |
| 10 000-24 999 | 0.63 (0.48-0.81) | <.001 | 0.65 (0.2-2.1) | .47 | 0.92 (0.69-1.22) | .55 |
| 25 000-49 999 | 0.87 (0.71-1.06) | .17 | 0.63 (0.22-1.8) | .39 | 1.28 (1.02-1.6) | .03 |
| 50 000-74 999 | 0.89 (0.74-1.09) | .26 | 0.45 (0.14-1.4) | .17 | 0.98 (0.79-1.23) | .87 |
| 75 000-99 999 | 0.93 (0.76-1.13) | .46 | 0.39 (0.09-1.64) | .20 | 1.12 (0.89-1.41) | .33 |
| 100 000-149 999 | 0.94 (0.78-1.12) | .48 | 0.47 (0.15-1.5) | .20 | 1.07 (0.87-1.31) | .51 |
| ≥150 000 | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Highest education | ||||||
| <High school | 0.59 (0.46-0.75) | <.001 | 0.77 (0.23-2.54) | .66 | 1.11 (0.86-1.43) | .44 |
| High school | 0.8 (0.68-0.94) | .006 | 0.91 (0.36-2.34) | .85 | 0.87 (0.73-1.05) | .15 |
| Some college | 0.85 (0.72-0.99) | .04 | 0.71 (0.27-1.9) | .50 | 0.9 (0.76-1.08) | .27 |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Race or ethnicity | ||||||
| Black/African American, non-Hispanic | 0.73 (0.6-0.88) | .001 | 2.1 (0.81-5.47) | .13 | 1.45 (1.18-1.77) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.56 (0.47-0.66) | <.001 | 0.93 (0.37-2.32) | .87 | 1.43 (1.19-1.72) | <.001 |
| 2 or more races, non-Hispanic | 0.82 (0.61-1.1) | .19 | 1.35 (0.36-5.06) | 6 | 0.97 (0.69-1.38) | .88 |
| Other race, non-Hispanic | 0.58 (0.44-0.76) | <.001 | 2.41 (0.74-7.89) | .15 | 0.81 (0.58-1.13) | .21 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1.04 (0.93-1.17) | .49 | 0.95 (0.48-1.85) | .87 | 0.77 (0.67-0.88) | <.001 |
| Female | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; NA, not applicable.
a
Rating of 6 or 7 on a 7-point scale. Multivariable logistic regression models. Adjusted for age, sex, race or ethnicity, income, and education.