Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Variables | Level | Overall (n=4419) | Low (n=3271) | High (n=1148) | P value |
| Residence | Rural | 3860 (87.4) | 2774 (84.8) | 1086 (94.6) | <0.001 |
| Urban | 559 (12.6) | 497 (15.2) | 62 (5.4) | ||
| Age categories (years) | 15–19 | 876 (19.8) | 0 (0.0) | 876 (76.3) | <0.001 |
| 20–29 | 2358 (53.4) | 2230 (68.2) | 128 (11.1) | ||
| 30–39 | 1079 (24.4) | 958 (29.3) | 121 (10.5) | ||
| 40–49 | 106 (2.4) | 83 (2.5) | 23 (2.0) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 25.60 (6.27) | 27.3 (5.3) | 20.7 (6.2) | <0.001 | |
| Level of education | No school | 53 (1.4) | 34 (1.2) | 19 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Primary | 1431 (38.3) | 987 (35.1) | 444 (47.6) | ||
| Secondary | 1523 (40.7) | 1117 (39.8) | 406 (43.6) | ||
| Tertiary/university | 734 (19.6) | 671 (23.9) | 63 (6.8) | ||
| Poverty status | Above poverty line | 3247 (85.8) | 2528 (88.9) | 719 (76.3) | <0.001 |
| Below poverty line | 539 (14.2) | 316 (11.1) | 223 (23.7) | ||
| Cohort | 1 | 395 (8.9) | 339 (10.4) | 56 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 898 (20.3) | 726 (22.2) | 172 (15.0) | ||
| 3 | 1219 (27.6) | 953 (29.1) | 266 (23.2) | ||
| 4 | 1287 (29.1) | 963 (29.4) | 324 (28.2) | ||
| 5 | 542 (12.3) | 280 (8.6) | 262 (22.8) | ||
| 6 | 78 (1.8) | 10 (0.3) | 68 (5.9) | ||
| Gestational weeks at enrolment | Below or equal to 12 | 262 (5.9) | 218 (6.7) | 44 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| 13–19 | 896 (20.3) | 755 (23.1) | 141 (12.3) | ||
| 20–26 | 1657 (37.5) | 1377 (42.1) | 280 (24.4) | ||
| 27 and above | 1104 (25.0) | 589 (18.0) | 515 (44.9) | ||
| Not specified | 500 (11.3) | 332 (10.1) | 168 (14.6) | ||
| Number of antenatal care visits | 1 | 303 (6.9) | 61 (1.9) | 242 (21.1) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 576 (13.0) | 318 (9.7) | 258 (22.5) | ||
| 3 | 1520 (34.4) | 1145 (35.0) | 375 (32.7) | ||
| 4 | 1839 (41.6) | 1584 (48.4) | 255 (22.2) | ||
| 5 | 181 (4.1) | 163 (5.0) | 18 (1.6) | ||
| Complications in a past pregnancy | No | 4097 (92.7) | 3006 (91.9) | 1091 (95.0) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 322 (7.3) | 265 (8.1) | 57 (5.0) |