Table 1.
Nonaudiological Factors Influencing Hearing Aid (HA) Uptake and Use With Number of Supporting Studies (in Parenthesis).
Factor | HA uptake | HA use |
---|---|---|
Age | ± (26) | |
Education | ± (12) | |
Sex | ± (22) | |
Socioeconomic status | + (12) | |
General health | – (6) | |
Locus of internal control | + (2) | |
Ego strength | + (1) | |
Cognitive anxiety | + (2) | |
Distress | ± (2) | |
Depression | ± (1) | |
Technology commitment | + (2) | |
Stigma | – (5) | |
Concern regarding the cost | – (2) | |
Language level used by audiologists | – (1) | |
Denial | – (1) | |
Readiness for change | + (4) | |
Autonomous motivation | + (2) | |
Self-acceptance | – (1) | |
Self-efficacy | ± (2) | |
Maladaptive behaviors | – (1) | |
Subjective norm | + (2) | |
Subjective norm * Trust | + (1) | |
Attitudes toward behavior and control | + (2) | |
Attitude toward own hearing loss | + (4) | + (3) |
Attitude toward hearing aids | + (3) | + (4) |
Self-reported hearing difficulties | + (9) | + (3) |
Counselling | + (2) | |
Dexterity (impression about the audiologist) | + (2) | |
Lifetime experience with hearing aids | + (2) | |
Hysteria | + (1) | |
Expectations | + (1) | |
Number of major life events | + (1) | |
Adaptation period | – (1) | |
Depression/obsession | – (1) | |
Socioeconomic status: income level | – (1) | |
Activity of daily living | – (1) | |
Medication | – (1) |
Note: “+” indicates a positive association between the factor and the outcome, “–” indicates a negative association, and “±” indicates a controversial association including no association.