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. 2023 Sep 7;102(12):1618–1633. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14648

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© 2023 The Authors. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology (NFOG).

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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The classification of birth spacing and analysis strategy. Four separate meta‐analytical syntheses were conducted in accordance with the WHO definition of birth spacing as follows: (1) Meta I, the association between interpregnancy interval (IPI) and risk of adverse outcomes after a live birth (general population); (2) Meta II, the association between IPI and risk of adverse outcomes subsequent to pregnancy loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, or induced abortion) or preterm birth (PTB); (3) Meta III, the association between interoutcome interval (IOI) and risk of adverse outcomes after a live birth (general population); and (4) Meta IV, the association between IOI and risk of adverse outcomes subsequent to pregnancy loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, or induced abortion) or PTB. Free icons were obtained from Flaticon.com.