TABLE 3.
Meta‐analysis III for the associations between interoutcome interval and risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes subsequent to live births.
| Adverse outcomes | No. of studies | 6–11 months | 12–17 months | 18–35 months | 36–59 months | ≥60 months | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled OR (95% CI) | I 2 (%) | Pooled OR (95% CI) | I 2 (%) | OR | Pooled OR (95% CI) | I 2 (%) | Pooled OR (95% CI) | I 2 (%) | ||
| Birth outcomes | ||||||||||
| Low birthweight | 6 studies 38 , 57 , 104 , 133 , 136 , 145 | 1.66 (1.46–1.89) | 0.8 | 1.20 (1.01–1.41) | 95 | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 89.8 | 1.20 (1.15–1.26) | 4.5 |
| Fetal death | 5 studies 61 , 104 , 124 , 130 , 138 | — | — | 2.35 (1.60–3.46) | 97.4 | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.79–1.46) | 94.6 | 1.19 (0.84–1.69) | 89.6 |
| Preterm birth | 4 studies 57 , 74 , 83 , 104 | 3.10 (2.32–4.14) | 96.4 | 1.37 (1.25–1.51) | 97.3 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.95–1.19) | 97.8 | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 93.8 |
| Early neonatal death | 2 studies 124 , 133 | — | — | — | — | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.46–1.24) | 44.7 | 0.76 (0.56–1.02) | 0.0 |
| Small for gestational age | 2 studies 83 , 131 | — | — | 0.98 (0.62–1.55) | 78.7 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.89–1.28) | 27.4 | — | — |
| Pregnancy outcomes | ||||||||||
| Cesarean delivery | 3 studies 67 , 83 , 134 | — | — | — | — | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.71–1.48) | 88.1 | 1.72 (1.04–2.83) | 87.8 |
| Gestational diabetes | 2 studies 83 , 131 | — | — | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.0 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 1.0 | — | — |
| Preeclampsia | 2 studies 58 , 152 | — | — | 1.64 (0.34–8.02) | 0.0 | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.98–1.57) | 68.1 | — | — |
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 2 studies 104 , 144 | — | — | — | — | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 0.0 | 2.31 (0.55–9.75) | 89.9 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.