Table 1.
Anthropometric, semen, hormonal, and metabolic parameters of participants with different smoking status.
| Parameters | Smoking status | Total (n=1222) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-smokers (n=772) |
Moderate smokers cigarettes/day ≤10 (n=274) |
Heavy smokers cigarettes/day >10 (n=176) |
||
| Age, years | 24.9(7.0)
a
23.0(18.0-39.0) |
24.4(6.4)
a
22.0(18.0-37.0) |
27.7(8.0)
b
26.0(18.0-43.0) |
25.2 (7.1)
23.0 (18.0-39.0) |
| Body weight, kg | 75.4(13.6)
a
73.6(57.2-102.0) |
74.2(14.3)
a
72.0(55.0-101.0) |
78.5(14.9)
b
76.3(59.5-106.0) |
75.5(14.0)
74.0(56.5-102.0) |
| Height, cm | 177.6(7.2)
a
177.5(166.0-189.0) |
176.4(7.0)
a
176.5(165.5-188.0) |
176.6(6.7)
a
176.0(165.0-187.5) |
177.2(7.1)
177.0(166.0-188.5) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 83.5(10.2)
a
82.0(70.0-103.0) |
84.1(11.7)
a
82.0(69.0-105.0) |
87.9(12.4)
b
87.0(70.0-107.0) |
84.2(11.0)
82.0(70.0-105.0) |
| Hip circumference, cm | 97.9(7.9)
a
97.0(87.0-112.0) |
97.2(8.4)
a
96.0(85.0-111.0) |
99.2(8.5)
b
98.0(87.0-114.0) |
98.0(8.1)
97.0(86.0-112.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.8(3.8)
a
23.3(18.8-31.2) |
23.8(4.3)
a
23.0(18.3-31.8) |
25.2(4.6)
b
24.5(19.1-32.0) |
24.0(4.0)
23.4(18.7-31.4) |
| BTV, ml | 39.7(8.6)
a
40.0(27.0-54.0) |
38.8(7.4)
a
40.0(28.0-50.0) |
40.7(9.2)
a
40.0(29.0-56.0) |
39.7(8.4)
40.0(28.0-54.0) |
| Smoking, cigarettes/day | 0 | 6.6(3.0)
a
7.0(1.3-10.0) |
17.5(4.7)
b
17.5(12.0-25.0) |
11.0(6.5)
10.0(2.0-20.0) |
| Semen volume, ml | 3.6(1.6)
a
3.4(1.5-6.5) |
3.3(1.6)
b
3.0(1.2-5.9) |
3.3(1.6)
b
3.0(1.1-6.3) |
3.5(1.6)
3.3(1.3-6.4) |
| Total sperm count, ×106/ejaculate |
196.8(188.4)
a
156.8(26.1-450.5) |
157.6(145.6)
b
125.5(11.1-455.6) |
147.2(118.3)
b
112.7(9.9-410.2) |
176.1(171.5)
136.4(15.0-444.5) |
| Sperm concentration, ×106/mL | 55.15(40.74)
a
44.31(10.11-136.93) |
48.26(36.31)
b
41.28(5.38-137.25) |
47.36(35.25)
b
39.75(4.63-117.85) |
52.49(39.16)
43.00(7.44-131.58) |
| Progressive motility, % | 46.6(25.9)
a
44.7(5.9-89.8) |
43.6(26.7)
ab
42.8(2.8-88.1) |
39.3(26.0)
b
36.1(3.2-83.6) |
43.8(26.6)
41.7(3.3-89.0) |
| Normal morphology, % | 6.9(3.0)
a
6.8(2.3-12.0) |
6.4(3.0)
b
6.1(1.9-11.5) |
6.6(3.0)
ab
6.8(2.0-11.3) |
6.6(3.0)
6.5(2.0-11.8) |
| TZI | 1.48(0.12)
a
1.47(1.32-1.69) |
1.49(0.11)
ab
1.48(1.32-1.71) |
1.50(0.12)
b
1.49(1.33-1.73) |
1.49(0.12)
1.48(1.32-1.71) |
| DFI, % | 8.25(5.37)
a
6.88(2.74-20.35) (n=180) |
10.11(7.95)
a
7.30(2.72-26.25) (n=36) |
14.66(12.72)
b
8.53(2.54-36.89) (n=29) |
9.28(7.29)
7.06(2.70-25.74) (n=245) |
| LH, mIU/mL | 3.48(1.39)
a
3.23(1.59-6.02) |
3.68(1.53)
a
3.38(1.48-6.33) |
3.86(1.56)
a
3.66(1.42-6.64) |
3.58(1.46)
3.30(1.55-6.24) |
| FSH, mIU/mL | 3.91(2.20)
a
3.55(1.50-7.86) |
4.08(2.13)
a
3.63(1.47-8.21) |
4.16(2.78)
a
3.55(1.39-8.88) |
3.98(2.28)
3.59(1.47-8.10) |
| Testosterone, nmol/L | 21.02(7.56)
a
19.88(10.80-34.54) |
20.09(7.13)
a
19.24(10.12-33.24) |
20.66(7.85)
a
19.55(10.58-37.48) |
20.76(7.51)
19.68(10.60-34.33) |
| Estradiol, nmol/L | 0.204(0.064)
ab
0.195(0.113-0.317) |
0.213(0.059)
b
0.207(0.119-0.330) |
0.194(0.049)
a
0.192(0.122-0.284) |
0.204(0.061)
0.197(0.115-0.314) |
| Inhibin B, pg/mL | 184.5(63.8)
a
174.2(98.3-300.3) |
172.7(58.8)
b
168.7(84.4-274.8) |
171.0(72.5)
b
164.0(61.1-311.5) |
178.4(65.0)
171.5(83.3-295.6) |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.06(0.65)
a
0.87(0.39-2.34) |
1.12(0.73)
a
0.93(0.40-2.73) |
1.30(0.78)
b
1.06(0.43-2.90) |
1.10(0.68)
0.91(0.39-2.39) |
| TC, mmol/L | 3.88(0.89)
a
3.77(2.65-5.46) |
3.93(0.90)
a
3.84(2.75-5.57) |
4.00(0.86)
a
3.89(2.77-5.52) |
3.90(0.88)
3.80(2.67-5.47) |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.16(0.34)
a
1.12(0.70-1.74) |
1.14(0.32)
a
1.11(0.70-1.70) |
1.08(0.31)
b
1.03(0.65-1.56) |
1.15(0.33)
1.11(0.69-1.73) |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.24(0.89)
a
2.11(1.03-3.82) |
2.27(0.85)
a
2.22(1.10-3.90) |
2.33(0.81)
a
2.27(1.19-3.72) |
2.26(0.86)
2.15(1.07-3.82) |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.8(0.9)
a
4.7(3.6-6.1) |
4.9(1.0)
a
4.8(3.6-6.5) |
5.0(1.0)
a
4.8(3.6-6.8) |
4.8(0.9)
4.8(3.6-6.3) |
| Uric acid, µmol/L | 350(92)
a
340(225-516) |
347(90)
a
333(225-498) |
365(101)
b
354(246-540) |
352(93)
340(226-518) |
| Serum zinc concentration, μmol/L | 22.5(9.0)
a
20.2(13.7-39.2) |
22.0(8.5)
a
19.7(13.4-40.9) |
25.2(11.8)
b
21.2(14.1-51.3) |
22.8(9.4)
20.1(13.7-41.3) |
| Seminal zinc concentration, μmol/L | 1589(1001)
a
1423(395-3527) |
1474(923)
ab
1233(354-3469) |
1392(954)
b
1133(336-3042) |
1536(980)
1325(372-3487) |
| Seminal zinc content, μmol/ejaculate | 5.77(4.65)
a
4.45(1.07-14.04) |
5.03(4.11)
ab
3.85(0.78-11.99) |
4.52(3.53)
b
3.68(0.85-11.20) |
5.43(4.41)
4.20(0.94-13.19) |
Results based on raw data. Values are presented as mean (SD) and median (5-95th percentile). BMI, body mass index; BTV, paired testicular volume; TZI, teratozoospermia index; DFI, sperm DNA fragmentation index; LH, luteinizing hormone; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; a, b - comparisons with different superscripts within variable are significant (p<0.05).