Table 2.
Comparison of smokers and non-smokers by anthropometric, seminal, hormonal, zinc and metabolic parameters in different ethnic groups.
| Parameters | Buryats (n=191) | Slavs (n=654) | Yakuts (n=125) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-smokers (n=102) |
Smokers (n=89; 46.6%) |
Non-smokers (n=444) |
Smokers (n=210; 32.1%) |
Non-smokers (n=69) |
Smokers (n=56; 44.8%) |
|
| Age, years | 23.6(6.6) 21.0(18.0-35.0) |
24.4(6.6) 22.0(18.0-38.0) |
25.6(7.5) 23.0 (18.0-40.0) |
26.1(7.7) 24.0 (19.0-40.0) |
24.5(6.4) 22.0 (18.0-33.0) |
26.2(7.0) 26.0 (18.0-39.0) |
| Body weight, kg | 70.0(11.7) 67.0(56.0-88.0) |
71.6(15.1) 70.0 (53.0-95.5) |
78.1(13.7) 75.0 (60.0-103.2) |
78.7(14.3) 77.0(60.0-105.0) |
68.4(12.5) 65.0 (50.0-90.0) |
74.9(14.7) *
73.0 (55.0-106.0) |
| Height, cm | 175.1(6.6) 174.0(165.0-187.0) |
174.4(6.1) 174.0 (165.0-184.0) |
179.4(6.9) 180.0 (169.0-190.0) |
178.5(6.6) (168.0-190.0) |
171.8(172.0) 162.0(181.0-5.6) |
173.0(6.7) 173.0 (161.0-182.0) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 81.2(10.7) 78.5(68.0-101.0) |
83.1(13.9) 82.0 (67.0-103.0) |
84.3(10.2) 82.0 (71.0-104.0) |
86.2(11.1) *
85.0 (71.0-105.0) |
83.0(11.0) 81.0 (68.0-103.0) |
88.5(13.7) *
86.5 (69.0-112.0) |
| Hip circumference, cm | 93.6(6.6) 92.0(84.0-104.0) |
94.6(8.3) (94.084.0-106.0) |
99.2(8.0) 98.0 (88.0-113.0) |
99.3(8.4) 99.5 (87.0-112.0) |
96.5(7.0) 96.0 (87.0-108.0) |
98.8(8.6) 96.0 (88.0-116.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.8(3.7) 21.8(18.4-30.8) |
23.6(5.0) 23.0 (17.2-30.6) |
24.2(3.8) 23.7 (19.2-31.4) |
24.7(4.1) 24.2 (18.9-31.2) |
23.2(4.0) 22.9 (17.4-31.1) |
25.1(4.9) *
23.8 (18.4-35.3) |
| BTV, ml | 36.2(6.9) 38.3(25.0-50.0) |
37.0(5.8) 40.0 (27.0-45.0) |
40.9(8.6) 40.0 (27.0-55.0) |
41.8(8.8) 40.0 (30.0-60.0) |
36.9(9.1) 36.0 (29.0-56.0) |
36.6(6.7) 36.0 (28.0-48.0) |
| Smoking, sigarettes/day |
0 | 9.1(5.4) 9.0 (2.0-20.0) |
0 | 12.7(6.8) 12.5 (2.0-20.0) |
0 | 8.2(5.6) 6.3 (1.5-20.0) |
| Semen volume, ml | 3.2(1.2) 3.0(1.5-5.3) |
3.1(1.4) 2.8 (1.3-5.9) |
3.8(1.7) 3.7 (1.5-6.6) |
3.4(1.8) *
3.0 (1.1-6.6) |
3.0(1.1) 3.0 (1.5-5.3) |
3.1(1.4) 2.9 (1.1-5.9) |
| Total sperm count, ×106/ejaculate |
159.7(140.0) 124.9(33.6-379.9) |
129.7(106.3) 103.9 (14.8-370.3) |
217.2(202.2) 178.2 (27.4-462.6) |
167.8(139.7) *
136.5 (5.8-455.6) |
104.2(85.5) 84.8 (16.6-244.2) |
106.1(80.7) 79.6 (8.4-272.4) |
| Sperm concentration, ×106/mL | 50.89(38.45) 41.16(14.00-120.00) |
42.78(30.87) 38.00 (6.37-97.38) |
59.99(43.95) 49.09 (10.38-149.18) |
52.40(39.70) *
43.38 (3.94-134.52) |
36.34(26.04) 33.13 (5.50-92.13) |
35.79(26.78) 30.80 (4.50-96.14) |
| Progressive motility, % | 49.8(25.7) 46.1(10.3-89.9) |
46.5(27.9) 46.5 (2.8-88.1) |
46.7(26.3) 44.3 (5.8-90.6) |
41.0(27.2) *
37.8 (2.9-87.3) |
37.2(21.0) 34.0 (8.7-73.2) |
38.2(24.5) 37.9 (5.8-90.1) |
| Normal morphology, % | 7.0(2.7) 7.0(2.9-11.9) |
6.8(2.6) 6.5 (2.8-11.3) |
7.2(3.1) 7.0 (2.6-12.8) |
6.8(3.3) 6.8 (1.9-11.8) |
4.6(2.3) 4.8 (1.0-8.5) |
5.3(2.4) 5.3 (1.3-9.5) |
| TZI | 1.49(0.12) 1.47(1.30-1.66) |
1.47(0.10) 1.45 (1.33-1.64) |
1.48(0.11) 1.47 (1.32-1.69) |
1.50(0.13) *
1.49 (1.31-1.76) |
1.52(0.12) 1.52 (1.35-1.73) |
1.53(0.11) 1.51 (1.33-1.74) |
| DFI, % | - | - | 8.29(5.53) (n=138) 6.81(2.70-20.99) |
13.15 (11.24) * (n=49) 8.63 (2.69-36.89) |
- | - |
| LH, mIU/mL | 3.81(1.41) 3.43(2.02-6.05) |
4.06(1.59) 3.75 (1.92-6.82) |
3.45(1.38) 3.20 (1.61-6.09) |
3.60(1.47) 3.33 (1.48-6.40) |
3.42(1.40) 3.09 (1.53-6.19) |
3.84(1.72) 3.95 (1.25-7.02) |
| FSH, mIU/mL | 4.58(2.28) 4.17 (1.86-8.32) |
4.24(1.99) 3.95 (1.56-8.80) |
3.69(2.31) 3.32 (1.45-7.86) |
3.55(1.87) 3.16 (1.29-6.91) |
4.67(1.70) 4.53 (2.00-7.53) |
5.50(3.70) 4.73 (1.91-12.06) |
| Testosterone, nmol/L | 19.05(6.19) 17.74 (11.37-31.31) |
18.24(5.39) 17.67 (9.71-27.98) |
21.21(7.51) 20.29 (10.54-34.54) |
21.46(8.28) 20.44 (10.55-37.12) |
21.32(7.60) 21.87 (10.80-33.36) |
18.83(6.52) *
17.57 (10.52-31.79) |
| Estradiol, nmol/L | 0.235(0.068) 0.220 (0.163-0.351) |
0.222(0.048) 0.204 (0.162-0.298) |
0.192(0.061) 0.182(0.107-0.312) |
0.192(0.058) 0.186 (0.114-0.297) |
0.234(0.062) 0.217 (0.162-0.354) |
0.220(0.044) 0.212 (0.160-0.293) |
| Inhibin B, pg/mL | 144.7(56.1) 146.2 (43.8-245.6) |
155.5(64.0) 153.9 (51.5-258.8) |
193.5(64.8) 184.3 (104.2-305.7) |
183.5(68.1) 179.9 (88.7-307.3) |
172.6(46.3) 163.1 (111.1-271.7) |
149.4(49.0) *
156.3 (66.1-227.6) |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.04(0.71) 0.84 (0.38-2.35) |
1.04(0.70) 0.85 (0.44-2.25) |
1.09(0.68) 0.87 (0.39-2.49) |
1.27(0.86) *
1.02 (0.41-3.12) |
1.04(0.59) 0.85 (0.44-2.33) |
1.30(0.66) *
1.16 (0.43-2.90) |
| TC, mmol/L | 3.73(0.81) 3.56 (2.60-5.13) |
3.85(0.85) 3.82 (2.65-5.38) |
3.87(0.88) 3.79 (2.66-5.48) |
3.99(0.91) 3.93 (2.75-5.74) |
4.01(1.02) 3.95 (2.67-6.80) |
4.04(0.81) 4.02 (2.94-5.35) |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.04(0.26) 1.03 (0.69-1.54) |
1.08(0.29) 1.04 (0.70-1.66) |
1.18(0.36) 1.14 (0.69-1.75) |
1.15(0.32) 1.12 (0.66-1.69) |
1.16(0.33) 1.11 (0.68-1.82) |
1.12(0.35) 1.08 (0.68-1.69) |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.21(0.72) 2.07 (1.25-3.57) |
2.29(0.81) 2.26 (1.13-3.86) |
2.20(0.89) 2.12 (0.99-3.77) |
2.27(0.85) 2.22 (1.08-3.76) |
2.38(1.04) 2.15 (1.15-4.91) |
2.34(0.76) 2.29 (1.23-3.76) |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.9(0.9) 4.8 (3.7-6.6) |
4.9(6.4) 0.9 (4.8 -3.5) |
4.8(1.0) 4.7 (3.6-6.2) |
5.0(0.9) *
4.8 (3.7-6.8) |
4.6(0.7) 4.5 (3.3-5.7) |
4.9(1.4) 4.9 (3.3-8.0) |
| Uric acid, μmol/L | 346(73) 340(229-470) |
344(78) 333 (238-495) |
355(91) 345 (225-526) |
369(102) 355 (240-539) |
333(112) 319 (197-476) |
345(105) 332 (208-512) |
| Serum zinc concentration, μmol/L | 19.6(7.5) 17.4(12.9-31.5) |
21.3(10.8) 17.5 (12.8-49.5) |
23.9(9.9) 20.9 (14.8-42.5) |
25.6(11.2) 21.6 (14.9-50.0) |
20.5(6.9) 18.6 (12.5-35.3) |
21.3(7.1) 19.2 (14.0-32.2) |
| Seminal zinc concentration, μmol/L | 1419(869) 1181(355-2999) |
1522(968) 1159 (354-3925) |
1725(1077) 1514 (398-3882) |
1443(995) *
1162 (348-3483) |
1368(979) 1128 (395-2643) |
1531(752) 1440 (460-3139) |
| Seminal zinc content, μmol/ejaculate | 4.41(3.20) 3.69 (0.68-11.22) |
4.60(3.89) 3.42 (0.89-11.99) |
6.46(5.12) 5.16(1.30-15.49) |
5.11(4.39) *
3.76 (0.85-12.03) |
4.13(2.96) 3.23(0.81-9.57) |
4.94(3.06) 4.19(0.90-10.74) |
Results based on raw data. Values are presented as mean (SD) and median (5-95th percentile); BMI, body mass index; BTV, paired testicular volume. TZI, teratozoospermia index; DFI, DNA fragmentation index; LH, luteinizing hormone; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; * - differences between groups of smokers and non-smokers within each ethnic group are significant (p<0.05).