Extended Data Fig. 4. Experimental set-ups for testing ACCEL.

a–c, Schematic of the experimental set-up for testing ACCEL with coherent light, using a fixed SiO₂ phase mask as the single-layer OAC (a), SLM as the single-layer OAC (b), and two fixed SiO₂ phase masks as the two-layer OAC (c). d–f, Photograph of the corresponding experimental set-up for testing ACCEL with coherent light, using a fixed SiO₂ phase mask as the single-layer OAC (d), SLM as the single-layer OAC (e), and two fixed SiO₂ phase masks as the two-layer OAC (f). g, Schematic of the experimental set-up for ACCEL computing with incoherent light. h, Photograph of the experimental system with incoherent light. The size of training and testing datasets are 400 and 100 sequences, respectively. Each sequence includes three frames. PF, linear polarizer; SLM, spatial light modulator; BS, beam splitter; PBS, polarization beam splitter.