Extended Data Fig. 2. Measured nonlinearity in ACCEL and experimental results of ACCEL with SLM-based OAC and SiO2-based OAC.
a,b, Experimentally measured nonlinear response of the photodiode (PD) in ACCEL versus different amplitudes of the electronic field for incoherent white light (a) and 532-nm coherent light (b). The area of the photosensitive surface A = 1.25 mm2; the speed of light c = 3.0 × 108 m/s; the dielectric constant ϵ = 8.9 × 10−12 F/m; elementary charge e = 1.602 × 10−19 C; Planck constant h = 6.626 × 10−34 J ∙ s. c,d, Experimental classification accuracy of ACCEL with SLM-based OAC and SiO2-mask-based OAC under different exposure powers on the MNIST dataset (c) and the Fashion-MNIST dataset (d). The results are tested over the first 1,000 images in the testing dataset without selection. The pixel size of OAC is 9.2 µm and the diffraction distance is 150 mm here.