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. 2023 Sep 27;623(7985):83–89. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06544-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 11 — a, b, The climatological mean value of PI (solid line) and the linear trend of the fractional area covered by the PI value above its 90th percentile (bar) in each month during the active season during 1981–2017 in the (a) NH, and (b) SH. The calculation of PI is based on the oceanic variables from the ECMWF dataset and the atmospheric variables from the ERA-5 dataset. The error bars represent 95% confidence intervals in the linear regression analysis. c, d, The climatological mean value of OHC (solid line) and the linear trend of the fractional area covered by the OHC value above its 90th percentile (bar) obtained from the ECMWF dataset in each month during the active season during 1981–2017 in the (c) NH, and (d) SH. e, f, The climatological mean value of RH (solid line) and the linear trend of the fractional area covered by the RH value above its 90th percentile (bar) obtained from the ERA-5 reanalysis dataset in each month during the active season during 1981–2017 in the (e) NH, and (f) SH. g, h, The climatological mean value of VWS (solid line) and the linear trend of the fractional area covered by the VWS value below its 10th percentile (bar) obtained from the ERA-5 reanalysis dataset in each month during the active season during 1981–2017 in the (g) NH, and (h) SH.