Fig. 1. Motion-opponent voltage responses in the lobula plate motion vision circuitry.
a, Neural circuit architecture of the core lobula plate circuitry. Differential temporal filtering of inputs to T4/T5 cells is indicated by the symbol τ. Of the four lobula plate layers, only layers 3 and 4 are shown for simplicity. b, Membrane potential responses of VS cells to optogenetic stimulation of either T4/T5 (black trace) or VS cells (red trace). Note that synaptic transmission was silenced by using Ca2+-free external saline when stimulating VS cells. The full response trace (left) and zoom-in (right) are shown. ChR2, channelrhodopsin-2. c, Power spectra of optogenetically induced responses from b. d–g, Voltage response traces of VS (d), LPi3-4 (e), LPi4-3 (f) and T4c cells (g) to gratings (d–f) or dots (g) moving in the PD or ND. h–k, Directional tuning curves for VS (h), LPi3-4 (i), LPi4-3 (j) and T4c cells (k). l, Linear regression between LPi3-4 and LPi4-3 cell voltage responses to the same stimulus directions. ***P < 0.001. m–o, MOIs (m), LDir indices (n) and preferred tuning directions (o) of all imaged cell types. The data in b,c are from n = 3 flies per genotype. The data in d–o are from VS (n = 15), LPi3-4 (n = 13), LPi4-3 (n = 15) and T4c cells (n = 13 flies). The thin lines and dots represent individual flies. The thick lines and error bars indicate the mean ± s.e.m. In l, a Wald test was used. See also Extended Data Figs. 1 and 2.